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. 2017 Sep 6;7:10721. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10817-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Photomicrographs showing osteocalcin staining in trabecular bone sections from AVNFH patients (panels A–G) and control individuals (panels H-K). Osteocalcin staining in osteoblasts lining (red arrows) the bone were quantified (panel L) by an expert bone pathologist. Overall, strong osteocalcin staining was observed in osteoblasts lining the necrotic areas in AVNFH sample, indicating extensive bone remodelling (panel L). In contrast, osteoblasts lining the control bone showed weak osteocalcin staining (panel L). Interestingly, within the AVNFH osteocalcin (panel L, refer Supplementary Figure 22). In control bones (derived from sites of fracture), osteoblasts proximal to late stage fracture callus showed strong osteocalcin staining, also suggesting extensive bone remodelling (refer Supplementary Figure 22). In control bones (derived from sites of fracture), osteoblasts proximal to late stage fracture callus showed strong osteocalcin staining, also suggesting extensive bone remodelling (refer Supplementary Figure 22). In all cases, non-specific staining was observed in the marrow. All images photographed at 200X (refer to scale in the Inset).