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. 2017 Sep 6;7:10631. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10015-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect sizes for the comparison of $\tilde{S} I$ between on and off periods with a time lag ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 s for all muscles of every participant. Negative value of effect size represents the larger $\tilde{S} I$ during off-periods compared with that in on-periods, which accords with the intermittent control theory. Horizontal axis represents time lag and vertical axis represents effect size. Marks on each line (●, ▲, ■, ▼, ★, and *□ are for MG, LG, SOL, TA, RF, and BFL, respectively) show significant differences between on- and off- periods. Horizontal dashed lines show the absolute value of the effect size of 0.2, which we consider to be a statistically meaningful value.