Table 1.
Baseline study characteristics
| Variable | NS (n = 641) | ES (n = 32) | LS (n = 74) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at hemorrhage in years | 72.7 (71.7–73.7) | 67.9 (62.6–73.1) | 66.2 (62.9–69.5) | <0.001* |
| Gender (male) | 339 (52.9%) | 17 (53.1%) | 43 (58.1%) | 0.695 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 175 (27.3%) | 7 (21.9%) | 18 (24.3%) | 0.701 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 142 (22.2%) | 6 (18.8%) | 10 (13.5%) | 0.214 |
| Hypertension | 392 (61.2%) | 17 (53.1%) | 38 (51.4%) | 0.194 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 102 (15.9%) | 4 (12.5%) | 9 (12.2%) | 0.628 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 239 (37.3%) | 14 (43.8%) | 26 (35.1%) | 0.699 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 52 (8.1%) | 1 (3.1%) | 8 (10.8%) | 0.411 |
| NIHSS at admission | 0.780 | |||
| NIHSS < 8 | 371 (57.9%) | 21 (65.6%) | 40 (54.1%) | |
| NIHSS 8–14 | 144 (22.5%) | 6 (18.8%) | 16 (21.6%) | |
| NIHSS > 14 | 126 (19.7%) | 5 (15.6%) | 18 (24.3%) | |
| Location of hemorrhage | <0.001*, ** | |||
| Lobar | 256 (40.0%) | 29 (90.6%) | 61 (82.4%) | |
| Deep | 326 (50.8%) | 3 (9.4%) | 10 (13.5%) | |
| Infratentorial | 59 (9.2%) | 0 | 3 (4.1%) | |
| Volume of hemorrhage in cm3 | 7.7 ± 21.6 | 6.7 ± 20.8 | 21.7 ± 30.4 | 0.012*** |
| Septum shift mm | 0 ± 3.2 | 0 ± 3.4 | 0.7 ± 3.7 | n.s. |
| Cause of hemorrhage | 57 (8.9%) | 5 (15.6%) | 12 (16.2%) | 0.074 |
| Use of anticoagulants/antiplatelet drugs | 339 (52.9%) | 12 (37.5%) | 35 (47.3%) | 0.172 |
| ICH recurrence | 58 (9.0%) | 2 (6.3%) | 13 (17.6%) | 0.052 |
| Mortality status at end of follow-up | 0.964 | |||
| Deceased | 400 (62.4%) | 20 (62.5%) | 45 (60.8%) | |
| Surviving | 241 (37.6%) | 12 (37.5%) | 29 (39.2%) | |
| EEG alterations | N.A. | 0 | 20 (26%) | N.A. |
| AED use | 0 | 0 | 72 (93%) | N.A. |
| Seizure free before AED | N.A. | N.A. | 36 (49%) | N.A. |
| Seizure free after AED | N.A. | N.A. | 31 (42%) | N.A. |
Study characteristics specified per group (i.e., No seizures (NS), early seizures (ES) or late seizures (LS), mean ± 95% confidence interval (CI) for normally distributed continuous variables (i.e., age), median ± interquartile range (IQR) (i.e., for surface and septum shift). Significantly different groups (i.e., p < 0.05) were found for the comparisons NS versus LS (*), NS versus ES (**), or LS versus ES (***)
NIHSS National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, n.s. not significant in any comparison, N.A. not applicable