Table. Tularaemia surveillance specimens and samples from potential reservoirs and transmission routes, the Netherlands, 2011–2016.
Reservoirs, vectors | Collection dates | Collection locationsa | Number of specimens/ samplesb analysed | Number of specimens/samplesb where F. tularensis DNA detected | Location on map (Figure) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Small mammals |
Hares | Jul 2011–Dec 2014c | NL | 106 | 3 | NA |
Jan–Jun 2015 | EZ | 12 | 11 | Large stars |
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FL | 15 | 1 | ||||
NL | 19 | 2 | ||||
Jul–Dec 2015 | EZ | 7 | 0 | Small stars |
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FL | 6 | 0 | ||||
NL | 34 | 0 | ||||
Common voles | Feb–Apr 2015 | FL, north of EZ | 181 | 0 | Triangles, ma | |
Apr 2015 | FL, west of EZ | 38 | 0 | Triangles, mb | ||
Aug 2015 | EZ | 38 | 0 | Triangles, mc | ||
Arthropods |
Mosquito larvae | 23, 29 Apr 2015 | EZ, FL | 124, pooled | 0 | Large diamonds |
28 Apr; 3, 12 May; 30 Jun 2016 | EZ, FL | 266 | 0 | Small diamonds |
||
Mosquito adults | 9, 10 Jul; 11, 14 Aug 2015 | EZ, FL | 371 | 0 | ||
28 Apr; 13, 15, 24, 30 Jun 2016 | EZ, FL | 296, pooled | 0 | |||
Tabanids | 3, 7, 11, 14 Aug 2015 | EZ, FL | 758 | 0 | ||
13, 30 Jun 2016 | EZ, FL | 6 | 0 | |||
Ticks | 9, 10 Jul 2015 | EZ, FL | 220 | 0 | ||
28 Apr; 3 May; 13, 15 Jun 2016 | EZ, FL | 665, pooled | 0 | |||
Environment |
Water | 16 Apr 2015 | EZ | 7 | 6 | Circles, A–D |
FL, north of EZ | 1 | 0 | Circle, E | |||
29 May 2015 | EZ | 27 | 8 | Circles, A–T | ||
FL | 5 | 0 | Circles, U–X | |||
29 Jul; 10 Aug; 9 Sep 2015 | EZ | 12 | 1 | Circles, B,D,M,R | ||
Sediment | 16 Apr 2015 | EZ | 7 | 4 | Circles, AD | |
FL, north of EZ | 1 | 0 | Circle, E | |||
29 May 2015 | EZ | 18 | 2 | Circles, A–T | ||
FL | 3 | 0 | Circles, U–X |
EZ: epizootic area within Friesland province; FL: Friesland province, but outside the epizootic area; NL: other parts of the Netherlands; NA: not applicable.
a The epizootic area (EZ) was defined as the geographical area where several dead, tularaemia-confirmed hares were found in 2015, with the outer border being a distance of 5 km from any of these finding sites.
b Numbers for animals refer to specimens, numbers for water and sediment refer to samples.
c Hares collected before the event.