Host regulatory factors influence heterologous violacein production. Heterologous violacein production by E. coli BL21(DE3) through overexpression of PviR homologs from E. coli (A), P. putida KT2440 (B), and A. tumefaciens LBA4404 (C). Each table column lists the protein name, E value, and percent coverage/identity from top to bottom, respectively. Response regulators are blue. Regulatory proteins with E values below the significance threshold are red. Proteins that were not expressed solubly (see Fig. S6) are indicated by a red X. The data plotted are the mean ± standard error of the fold change in violacein production relative to the control in two independent experiments (total n = 5). Statistical significance was determined with a one-tailed Student t test (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.005).