Table II.
Summary of 16 differentially expressed genes between AMSCs and cancer cells that have demonstrated an association with human breast cancer.
| A, Genes upregulated in AMSCs relative to cancer cells | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene symbol | Gene locus | Gene name and general functions in breast cancer | Ratio (AMSCs/cancer cells) | (Refs.) |
| RB1 | 13q14.2 | RB transcriptional corepressor 1; regulates cell cycle progression | 19.1491 | (25) |
| PTEN | 10q23.3 | Phosphatase and tensin homolog; phosphatase involved in multiple signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, cyclin D1 and p53 signaling | 2.0883 | (26) |
| ADRB2 | 5q31-q32 | Adrenoceptor β 2; regulates growth and migration of breast cancer cells | 2.1505 | (27) |
| CDKN2A | 9p21 | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; controls cell cycle progression and senescence | 2.6221 | (28) |
| CLCA2 | 1p31-p22 | Chloride channel accessory 2; induced by p53 to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation | 25.5938 | (29) |
| SOD2 | 6q25.3 | Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial; neutralizes reactive oxygen species and may be epigenetically silenced in breast cancer cells | 4.6025 | (30) |
| NFKBIA | 14q13 | NFκB inhibitor α; regulates NFκB signaling in breast cancer | 2.6952 | (31) |
| MMP12 | 11q22.3 | Matrix metalloproteinase 12; inhibits tumor vascularization | 13.0442 | (32) |
| ITGB3 | 17q21.32 | Integrin subunit β 3; regulates tumor progression, metastasis and stem cell properties | 5.6503 | (33) |
| IL1B | 2q14 | Interleukin 1 β; pro-inflammatory cytokine regulating breast cancer progression | 10.4994 | (34) |
| B, Genes downregulated in AMSCs relative to cancer cells | ||||
| Gene symbol | Gene locus | Gene name and general functions in breast cancer | Ratio (AMSCs/cancer cells) | (Refs.) |
| ERBB2 | 17q21 | Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2; regulates multiple functions, including apoptosis, proliferation, adhesion, motility and vascularization, to promote breast cancer progression. | 0.3866 | (35) |
| HRAS | 11p15.1-p15.4 | HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase; proto-oncogene regulating intracellular signaling pathways to promote tumorigenesis. | 0.4989 | (36) |
| MYC | 8q24.12-q24.13 | V-Myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog; proto-oncogene regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis and stem/progenitor cell function. | 0.3921 | (37,38) |
| GHR | 5p13-p12 | Growth hormone receptor; mediates growth hormone signaling. | 0.3815 | (39) |
| H19 | 11p15.5 | H19, imprinted maternally expressed transcript (non-protein coding); encodes an untranslated RNA that is overexpressed in breast cancer and promotes cellular transformation/in vivo tumorigenesis. | 0.3125 | (40) |
| ADAMTSL1 | 9p22.1-p22.2 | ADAMTS-like 1; a secreted molecule resembling members of the ADAMTS family of proteases with important functions regulating extracellular matrix. | 0.4506 | (41) |
AMSC, adult mammary stem cell; NFκB, nuclear factor κB; ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs.