Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the levels of red blood cell distribution width (RDW) with the severity of atherosclerosis and to determine whether or not the RDW level on admission is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).
Materials and Methods
A total of 335 consecutive patients with NSTEMI were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into high (n = 105) and low (n = 230) SYNTAX groups. The high SYNTAX group was defined as patients with a value in the third tertile (SYNTAX score, SXscore ≥12), while the low SYNTAX group was defined as those with a value in the lower 2 tertiles (SXscore <12). The high RDW group (n = 152) was defined as patients with RDW >14.25s% and the low RDW group (n = 183) as those with RDW ≤14.25s%. All-cause mortality was followed up to 38 months.
Results
The mean follow-up period was 18 ± 11 months. The RDW levels of patients were significantly higher in the high SYNTAX group than in the low SYNTAX group (15.2 ± 1.8 vs. 14.2 ± 1.2, p < 0.001). Pearson's coefficients were used to determine the degree of association between RDW levels and SXscore and also between RDW levels and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. There was a significant correlation between RDW levels and SXscore (r = 0.460, p < 0.001). Also, there was a significant correlation between RDW levels and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (r = 0.180, p = 0.001). All-cause mortality rate was not significantly different between the high and low RDW groups (log-rank, p = 0.621).
Conclusion
RDW levels were independently associated with high SXscore but were not associated with long-term mortality in NSTEMI patients.
Key Words: Red blood cell distribution width, Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, SYNTAX score, Coronary artery disease
Introduction
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a numerical value measure of the variability in size of circulating erythrocytes. High RDW values show greater variation in size than recent studies have shown, indicating that high RDW values are an independent predictor of prognosis in patients with cardiovascular diseases such as acute myocardial infarction [1,2] and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) [3]. Azab et al. [3] showed in their study that RDW is an independent predictor of all-cause long-term mortality in NSTEMI patients. It has also been reported that high levels of RDW are associated with the presence, severity and complexity of coronary artery disease in patients with stable angina pectoris and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) [4,5].
To the best of our knowledge, the association between RDW levels and the severity of coronary artery disease assessed by the SYNTAX score (SXscore) in patients with NSTEMI has not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between RDW levels and the severity of atherosclerosis and to determine whether or not the RDW level on admission is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with NSTEMI.
Subjects and Methods
Patients with NSTEMI admitted to the Emergency Department from March 2010 to November 2012 were included in the study. NSTEMI was defined as follows: typical chest pain, a positive troponin-I level (defined in our clinical laboratory as >0.02 ng/ml) and no evidence of ST segment elevation on 12-lead electrocardiogram. Exclusion criteria were a history of any coronary artery disease shown on coronary angiogram, cardiogenic shock, heart failure, renal disease (or serum creatinine level >1.5 mg/dl), anemia, clinical evidence of active infection, active cancer, hematological proliferative diseases, active or chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, pregnancy, recent blood transfusion, and severe arrhythmia, in the light of previous studies [6,7].
A total of 449 eligible consecutive patients were evaluated. Of these, the following were excluded: patients who refused to give informed consent (n = 57); patients with missing or unavailable blood sample parameters for RDW and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) values (n = 23); patients with normal coronary arteries after the administration of intracoronary nitrate during the diagnostic coronary angiogram (n = 17); patients with pericarditis (n = 11), and patients with myocarditis (n = 6). Hence, 335 patients with NSTEMI were enrolled in this study.
Selective coronary angiography was performed in multiple orthogonal views using standard techniques. Each coronary lesion producing a ≥50s% luminal obstruction in vessels ≥1.5 mm was separately scored and added to provide the vessel SXscore. The SXscore was calculated using dedicated software that integrates the number of lesions with their specific weighting factors, based on the amount of myocardium distal to the lesion according to the score of Leaman et al. [8], and the morphological features of each single lesion, as previously reported [9]. Diagnostic angiograms for all NSTEMI patients were reviewed by 2 researchers blinded to the clinical data for the determination of the culprit artery.
The study population was divided into tertiles according to the SXscore. The high SYNTAX group (n = 105) was defined as patients with a value in the third tertile (SXscore ≥12) and the low SYNTAX group (n = 230) as those with a value in the lower 2 tertiles (SXscore <12). According to receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the patients were divided into two groups; the high RDW group was defined as patients with RDW >14.25s% (n = 152) and the low RDW group as those with RDW ≤14.25s% (n = 183), according to a previous study [10]. The mortality data were obtained from the hospital records or by interviewing (directly or by telephone) the patients, families or personal physicians.
In all patients, antecubital venous blood samples for laboratory analysis were drawn on admission to the Emergency Department. Glucose, creatinine, peak cardiac-MB and lipid profiles were analyzed using an autoanalyzer (Roche Diagnostic Modular Systems, Tokyo, Japan). hs-CRP was measured using a BN2 model nephelometer (Dade-Behring, Schwalbach, Germany) within 5 min of sampling. Common blood count parameters were measured using a Sysmex K-1000 autoanalyzer within 5 min of sampling.
Transthoracic echocardiography was performed for each patient immediately in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit. All measurements were performed using a commercially available machine (Vivid 7 GE Medical System, Horten, Norway) with a 3.5-MHz transducer. The Simpson method in the 2-dimensional echocardiographic apical 4-chamber view was used to assess left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).
Continuous variables were tested for normal distribution by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous data are reported as means and standard deviations or medians. Continuous variables were compared using Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney U test between groups. Categorical variables were summarized as percentages and compared with the χ2 test. Pearson's coefficients were used to determine the degree of association between RDW levels and SXscore and also between hs-CRP and RDW levels. A two-sided p value <0.05 was considered significant. ROC analysis was used to demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of RDW and the optimal cut-off value for predicting a high SXscore in patients with NSTEMI. The effects of different variables on high levels of SXscore were calculated using univariate analysis for each. The variables for which the nonadjusted p value was <0.10 in linear regression analysis were identified as potential risk markers and included in the full model. Backward elimination multivariate linear regression analysis was used to reduce the model, and potential risk markers were eliminated using likelihood ratio tests. The cumulative survival curve to all-cause mortality for RDW was analyzed by using the Kaplan-Meier method, with differences assessed by log-rank tests. Survival analyses were performed using multivariate Cox regression models to identify independent predictors of all-cause mortality. The following variables were incorporated in the model: age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, treatment option, LVEF, SYNTAX group, RDW, troponin-I levels, creatine kinase-MB, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and hs-CRP. The variables for which the unadjusted p value was <0.10 in univariate Cox regression analysis were identified as potential risk markers and included in the full model. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant, and the confidence interval (CI) was 95s%. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 15 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA).
Results
Baseline characteristics are shown in table 1. The mean age was 63 ± 13 years in the low SYNTAX group and 66 ± 10 years in the high SYNTAX group; the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.009). There were no significant differences in the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking status between groups. LVEF was significantly higher in the low SYNTAX group than in the high SYNTAX group (54 ± 9 vs. 51 ± 9, p = 0.004). Percutaneous coronary intervention was the preferred treatment option in the low SYNTAX group while coronary artery bypass graft was preferred in the high SYNTAX group (p < 0.001 for each). A greater proportion of patients had multivessel disease (more than 50s% occlusion for multiple coronary arteries) in the high SYNTAX group. In all patients, stent implantation was performed. Implanted stent types were similar between the groups (p = 0.783). In respect of stent properties, there was no significant difference in stent length (20.5 ± 4.9 vs. 19.2 ± 5.7 mm, p = 0.145) or stent diameter (3.26 ± 0.49 vs. 3.17 ± 0.41 mm, p = 0.252) between the groups.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients
| Low SYNTAX group (n = 230) | High SYNTAX group (n = 105) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 63 ± 13 | 66 ± 10 | 0.009 |
| Sex, male | 147 (64s%) | 74 (71s%) | 0.240 |
| Hypertension | 113 (49s%) | 57 (54s%) | 0.381 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 64 (28s%) | 38 (36s%) | 0.123 |
| Current smoker | 77 (33s%) | 39 (37s%) | 0.513 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 132 ± 17 | 133 ± 17 | 0.731 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 86 ± 10 | 85 ± 11 | 0.839 |
| BMI | 27 ± 3 | 26 ± 3 | 0.950 |
| LVEF on admission (s%) | |||
| Acute treatment | 54 ± 9 | 51 ± 9 | 0.004 |
| PCI | 202 (88s%) | 66 (63s%) | <0.001 |
| CABG surgery | 7 (3s%) | 30 (29s%) | <0.001 |
| Medical | 21 (9s%) | 9 (9s%) | <0.001 |
| Left anterior descending | 106 (46s%) | 82 (78s%) | <0.001 |
| Right | 140 (61s%) | 56 (53s%) | 0.194 |
| Circumflex | 51 (22s%) | 47 (45s%) | <0.001 |
| Left main coronary artery | 0 (0s%) | 3 (0.3s%) | 0.010 |
| Number of coronary arteries narrowed | |||
| 1 | 175 (76s%) | 45 (43s%) | <0.001 |
| >1 | 55 (24s%) | 60 (57s%) | <0.001 |
| PCI characteristics | |||
| ≥2 stent implantations | 39 (19s%) | 29 (44s%) | <0.001 |
| Stent implantation | 100s% | 100s% | 1.000 |
| Bare metal stent | 176 (87s%) | 59 (89s%) | 0.783 |
| Drug-eluting stent | 26 (13s%) | 7 (11s%) | |
| Stent length, mm | 20.5 ± 4.9 | 19.2 ± 5.7 | 0.145 |
| Stent diameter, mm | 3.26 ± 0.49 | 3.17 ± 0.41 | 0.252 |
| Follow-up, months | 18 ± 10 | 18 ± 12 | 0.590 |
| All-cause mortality | 41 (18s%) | 33 (31s%) | 0.005 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD for normally distributed data and percentage (s%) for categorical variables. SBP = Systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; BMI = body mass index; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft.
The RDW levels of patients were significantly higher in the high SYNTAX group (15.2 ± 1.8 vs. 14.2 ± 1.2, p < 0.001; table 2). With respect to other laboratory analyses, creatinine, total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly higher in the high SXscore group (p < 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). hs-CRP was also significantly higher in the high SXscore group than in the low SXscore group (27.1 ± 19.3 vs. 19.2 ± 13.0, p = 0.004).
Table 2.
Laboratory parameters of patients
| Low SYNTAX group (n = 230) | High SYNTAX group (n = 105) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin, g/l | 13.8 ± 2.1 | 13.6 ± 2.3 | 0.467 |
| Platelets, /mm3 | 274.4 ± 88.0 | 256.5 ± 75.4 | 0.071 |
| WBC, 103/µl | 9.61 ± 3.25 | 9.70 ± 3.41 | 0.835 |
| Neutrophils, s% | 67.7 ± 12.0 | 69.8 ± 11.8 | 0.135 |
| Lymphocytes, s% | 22.3 ± 10.7 | 19.9 ± 9.7 | 0.064 |
| Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio | 4.7 ± 3.0 | 5.8 ± 3.6 | 0.098 |
| RDW, s% | 14.2 ± 1.2 | 15.2 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| MPV, fl | 9.0 ± 0.9 | 9.1 ± 1.1 | 0.609 |
| Glucose, mg/dl | 133.6 ± 46.3 | 134.4 ± 47.6 | 0.885 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dl | 108.6 ± 20.7 | 108.9 ± 21.5 | 0.901 |
| HDL-C, mg/dl | 38.7 ± 8.5 | 37.2 ± 8.7 | 0.164 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 170.4 ± 38.1 | 187.2 ± 41.8 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 128.9 ± 57.2 | 149.6 ± 66.3 | 0.006 |
| hs-CRP, mg/l | 19.2 ± 13.0 | 27.1 ± 19.3 | 0.004 |
| Troponin-I, ng/ml | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 0.353 |
| CK-MB, U/l | 51.2 ± 25.5 | 54.9 ± 32.0 | 0.573 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or median for normally distributed data and percentage (s%) for categorical variables. SS = Syntax score; WBC = white blood cell; RDW = red cell distribution width; MPV = mean platelet volume; LDL-C = low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C = high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Hs-CRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein; CK-MB = peak creatine kinase-MB. Lymphocyte, Hs-CRP and CK-MB are expressed as mean ± median for normally distributed data and percentage (s%) for categorical variables.
There was a significant and positive correlation between RDW levels and SXscore (r = 0.460, p < 0.001). There was also a significant, but not strong, correlation between RDW levels and hs-CRP (r = 0.180, p = 0.001).
Some variables associated with a high SXscore were significantly different between the groups. On multivariate linear regression analyses, the RDW levels (β = 0.969, p < 0.001), LDL-C (β = 0.059, p = 0.003) and troponin-I (β = 0.170, p = 0.014) remained independent correlates of a high SXscore in patients with NSTEMI (table 3). The ROC curve of RDW levels on admission was used for predicting a high SXscore. An RDW level >14.25s% measured on admission had a 66s% sensitivity and 64s% specificity in predicting a high SXscore.
Table 3.
Effects of various variables on high SXscores in multivariate linear regression analyses
| Variables | ß | SE | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.049 | 0.029 | 0.092 |
| RDW | 0.969 | 0.231 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol | 0.020 | 0.011 | 0.076 |
| LDL-C | 0.059 | 0.019 | 0.003 |
| Hs-CRP | 0.023 | 0.015 | 0.110 |
| Troponin-I | 0.170 | 0.069 | 0.014 |
Variables adjusted for age, LDL-C, hs-CRP, and troponin-I.
The independent predictors of all-cause mortality in the study population were demonstrated with Cox regression analysis. SXscore (hazard ratio, HR 1.04, 95s% CI 1.00–1.08, p = 0.019), age (HR 1.04, 95s% CI 1.01–1.06, p = 0.003) and LVEF (HR 0.95, 95s% CI 0.92–0.98, p < 0.001) were independent predictors of all-cause mortality in patients with NSTEMI (table 4).
Table 4.
Multivariate Cox regression analysis of patients for all-cause mortality
| Risk factors | HR (95s% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|
| SXscore | 1.04 (1.00 – 1.08) | 0.019 |
| Age | 1.04 (1.01 – 1.06) | 0.003 |
| LVEF | 0.95 (0.92 – 0.98) | <0.001 |
| RDW | 0.97 (0.83 – 1.12) | 0.694 |
The median follow-up period was 18 months (1–38 months). The all-cause mortality rate was higher in the high SXscore group than in the low SXscore group (27 vs. 19s%, p = 0.005; table 1). In the survival analysis, however, the all-cause mortality rate was not significantly different between the high and the low RDW group (log-rank, p = 0.621;fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Kaplan-Meier survival estimates by RDW.
Discussion
We showed a positive association between high levels of RDW and the severity of coronary artery disease in patients with NSTEMI. We also demonstrated that high levels of RDW on admission correlated with a high SXscore. Although age, troponin level and LVEF predicted all-cause mortality, no association was found between RDW levels and all-cause mortality.
The RDW as a marker of the variability in erythrocyte volume is a routinely available component of the complete blood count. In patients with ineffective red cell production (such as iron deficiency, B12 or folate deficiency and hemoglobinopathies), increased red cell destruction (such as hemolysis) and blood transfusion, the RDW levels can be elevated [11]. The RDW reflects variability in the size of circulating red cells (anisocytosis) and is routinely reported by analyzers as part of routine complete blood counts. Several studies in the literature have reported that elevated RDW levels are significantly associated with a poor prognosis in the setting of heart failure [12], acute myocardial infarction [4] and stable angina pectoris [5]. RDW is now recognized as a global marker of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress [13]. However, the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. In our study, we demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between RDW and hs-CRP.
We showed a positive association between high levels of RDW and the severity of coronary artery disease in patients with NSTEMI. We also demonstrated that high levels of RDW on admission correlated with a high SXscore. The underlying pathophysiological mechanism of coronary artery disease is the atherosclerotic process [14,15]. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease process that is affected by multiple pathophysiological factors. One of these factors is inflammation [16,17,18]. Inflammation has a key role in the atherosclerotic process [19,20]. In a recent study, Lippi et al. [21] demonstrated a relationship between generalized inflammation and elevated levels of RDW. They demonstrated an association of RDW with hs-CRP, which is an indicator of inflammation. This relationship between high RDW levels and generalized inflammation, particularly that associated with CRP levels, is yet to be clarified. The most plausible hypothesis is that higher RDW levels are associated with increased inflammation. The increased inflammation might be causing the immature erythrocytes in the bone marrow to enter the circulation, thus leading to anisocytosis (and increased RDW levels). Inflammatory cytokines, which are activated in acute conditions of coronary artery disease such as STEMI and NSTEMI, have been found to suppress erythrocyte maturation. Due to this situation, juvenile erythrocytes enter into the circulation [22].
In this study, for the first time, we demonstrated that the RDW levels on admission were independently associated and correlated with a high SXscore in NSTEMI patients. The SXscore is an anatomic scoring system and quantifies the properties of a lesion, including complexity, morphology and location in the coronary tree. High SXscores predict adverse outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with coronary artery disease who underwent revascularization [23,24]. Recently, two studies demonstrated that RDW was independently associated with the presence and coronary complexity of coronary artery disease in patients with STEMI and stable angina pectoris as assessed by the SXscore [4,5]. It was demonstrated that a higher SXscore predicts worse short- and long-term clinical outcomes [25].
Several studies have evaluated the relation between increased RDW and morbidity and mortality of coronary artery disease. Recent studies showed that an increased RDW was independently associated with in-hospital and long-term all-cause mortality and coronary events in STEMI and NSTEMI patients and in an unselected population of male patients referred for coronary angiography [3,26,27]. Also, a high level of RDW on admission was independently associated with worse reperfusion and increased risk of in-hospital and long-term cardiovascular mortality in patients with STEMI [27]. Unlike in these studies, no association was found between RDW levels and all-cause mortality in our study. In contrast to RDW levels, we found a significant association between high SXscore and all-cause mortality in our study. As stated, in contrast to the recent literature, no association was found in our study between RDW levels and all-cause mortality. This may be due to a number of reasons. Our study was represented by a small number of patients and a single-center experience. Further, our study design was cross-sectional. Therefore, further prospective multicenter studies with a larger sample size should be planned in order to evaluate the association of RDW with mortality. Another limitation of our study is that we only measured hemoglobin levels, but not other factors such as iron, vitamin B12 and folate. A further limitation is that we only assessed hs-CRP levels, although we speculate that inflammation may be an actual pathophysiological mechanism between RDW levels and the severity of coronary artery disease. In addition, RDW was assessed only once. We have no data on changes in RDW levels during the course of hospital stay.
Conclusion
RDW levels were independently associated with a high SXscore but were not associated with long-term mortality in patients with NSTEMI.
Disclosure Statement
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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