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. 2017 Jun 29;152(2):287–297. doi: 10.1111/imm.12768

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Topical all‐trans retinoic acid (atRA) treatment leads to significantly increased tumour‐infiltrating CD8+ T cells and decreased myeloid cells. Enzymatically disassociated single‐cell suspensions were prepared from atRA‐ or vaseline‐treated tumuors. (a–c) Representative flow cytometry data and averaged percentages of CD45+ leucocytes in total cells (a), CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells (b), as well as myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (CD11b+ Gr‐1+) and macrophages (Mφ, CD11b+ F4/80+ Gr‐1−) in CD45+ leucocytes (c). (d) Ratios of CD8+ T cells to MDSCs or macrophages (Mφ) in tumours. (e, f) Quantitative RT‐PCR analysis of gene expression of anti‐tumour effector molecules incuding Gzmb, Prf1, Ifng (e) and chemokines including Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Ccl2 (f) in melanoma of mice treated with atRA or vaseline. Columns and error bars represent mean ± SEM (n = 5 to n = 7 per group). *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001, NS = no significance. Similar results were obtained from three independent experiments.