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. 2017 Jun 29;152(2):287–297. doi: 10.1111/imm.12768

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Topical all‐trans retinoic acid (atRA) treatment enhances the differentiation of effector CD8+ T cells in draining lymph nodes (DLN) of melanoma‐bearing mice. Axillary lymph nodes were collected from tumour‐bearing mice on day 7 when similar tumour size was detected in atRA‐ and vaseline‐treated mice to avoid the influence of the tumour size on T‐cell immunity. DLN cells were cultured with α‐CD3 for 3 days. (a) The concentrations of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) in the cultures were determined by ELISA. (b) Representative flow cytometry data and averaged percentages of Granzyme B+, TNF‐α + and IFN‐γ + cells in CD8+ T cells. (c) Representative flow cytometry data and averaged percentages of IFN‐γ + cells in CD4+ T cells. Columns and error bars represent mean ± SEM (n = 5 to n = 7 per group). *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001. Similar results were obtained from three independent experiments.