Table 3.

Association between land certification and investment in human capital in male-headed households

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
	Healthcare	Healthcare	Food homegrown	Food homegrown	Food purchased	Food purchased	Clothing	Clothing	Education	Education
Proportion of total household consumption
Post	−0.001 (0.002)	−0.000 (0.002)	−0.049^*** (0.007)	−0.052^** (0.010)	0.015 (0.025)	0.014 (0.026)	0.027^* (0.010)	0.028^* (0.011)	0.000 (0.001)	−0.000 (0.001)
Post*JointCertificate	0.008 (0.003)	0.008^* (0.003)	0.065 (0.042)	0.070 (0.033)	−0.064 (0.066)	−0.061 (0.054)	−0.023^** (0.004)	−0.026^*** (0.004)	−0.001 (0.002)	−0.001 (0.002)
R²	0.014	0.014	0.101	0.113	0.060	0.076	0.045	0.054	0.035	0.039
Observations	7,056	6,971	7,056	6,971	7,056	6,971	7,056	6,971	7,056	6,971

Log monthly consumption
Post	0.023 (0.028)	0.028 (0.045)	−0.492^* (0.179)	−0.531^* (0.199)	0.225 (0.176)	0.179 (0.180)	0.369^* (0.129)	0.345^* (0.129)	0.599^*** (0.079)	0.545^*** (0.067)
Post*JointCertificate	0.328^*** (0.025)	0.326^*** (0.050)	0.574^* (0.183)	0.604^** (0.144)	−0.147 (0.168)	−0.107 (0.161)	0.008 (0.124)	−0.005 (0.080)	−0.339^* (0.119)	−0.281^* (0.105)
R²	0.124	0.127	0.028	0.036	0.029	0.039	0.074	0.102	0.090	0.107
Observations	3,491	3,453	6,344	6,285	6,784	6,701	5,281	5,219	2,875	2,832

Controls:
Household FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
# of adults, # of children	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Head’s age	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Cereal output	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Livestock units	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes

Note: Figures in each column are from a unique household fixed effects regression on the dependent variables in header row. Post is a dummy variable equal to 1 if household observed after exposure to a certification program. JointCertificate is a dummy variable equal to 1 if in regions that issued certificates jointly to head and spouse. Monthly expenditure in 2009 Birr constant prices. 1 USD = 9.80 Birr in Jan 2009. Standard errors clustered on region in parentheses.

^***

p<0.01,

^**

p<0.05,

p<0.1.