Table 4.

Association between land certification and clothing expenditures spent on men, women, boys, and girls in male-headed households

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Men's	Men's	Women's	Women's	Boys'	Boys'	Girls'	Girls'
Proportion of total clothing expenditure
Post	−0.004 (0.009)	−0.000 (0.008)	−0.007 (0.010)	−0.010 (0.014)	0.021 (0.012)	0.021 (0.014)	−0.010 (0.013)	−0.011 (0.014)
Post*JointCertificate	−0.026*** (0.003)	−0.031** (0.006)	−0.010 (0.009)	−0.007 (0.016)	0.005 (0.013)	0.008 (0.016)	0.031*** (0.005)	0.029** (0.008)
R2	0.002	0.007	0.006	0.010	0.005	0.010	0.003	0.006
Observations	7,097	7,004	7,097	7,004	7,097	7,004	7,097	7,004
Log monthly expenditure
Post	0.187 (0.115)	0.196 (0.112)	−0.172 (0.142)	−0.229 (0.155)	0.251 (0.154)	0.238 (0.152)	−0.099 (0.149)	−0.115 (0.150)
Post*JointCertificate	0.136 (0.099)	0.079 (0.100)	0.557** (0.107)	0.571** (0.121)	0.109 (0.102)	0.060 (0.071)	0.418** (0.107)	0.373** (0.077)
R2	0.090	0.103	0.141	0.153	0.135	0.161	0.107	0.140
Observations	3,023	2,989	3,176	3,137	3,221	3,185	3,027	2,988
Controls:
Household FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
# of adults, # of children	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Head’s age	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Cereal output	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Livestock units	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes

Note: Figures in each column are from a unique household fixed effects regression on the dependent variables in header row. Post is a dummy variable equal to 1 if household observed after exposure to a certification program. JointCertificate is a dummy variable equal to 1 if in regions that issued certificates jointly to head and spouse. Monthly expenditure in 2009 Birr constant prices. 1 USD = 9.80 Birr in Jan 2009. Standard errors clustered on region in parentheses.

^***p<0.01,

^**p<0.05,

^*p<0.1.