Table 5.
Multilevel discrete-time hazard models: differential child mortality risk associated with parental divorce in low versus high divorce societies, 290 societies in 31 sub-Saharan African countries.
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | Coeff | S.E. | Sig | OR | Coeff | S.E. | Sig | OR | Coeff | S.E. | Sig | |
| Cross-level Interaction | ||||||||||||
| % Divorced women in subnational region*Mother divorced/separated | 0.99 | −0.01 | 0.01 | * | 0.98 | −0.02 | 0.01 | * | ||||
| % Divorced women in subnational region*Mother widowed | 1.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | * | 1.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | * | ||||
| % Divorced women in subnational region*Mother never married | 1.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||
| % Divorced women in subnational region*Mother polygynously married | — | — | ||||||||||
| % Divorced women in subnational region*Mother married (ref) | 0.99 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.99 | −0.01 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Mothers’ marital status | ||||||||||||
| Divorced | 1.37 | 0.32 | 0.03 | *** | 1.52 | 0.42 | 0.06 | *** | 1.54 | 0.43 | 0.06 | *** |
| Widowed | 1.46 | 0.38 | 0.04 | *** | 1.25 | 0.23 | 0.07 | ** | 1.22 | 0.20 | 0.07 | ** |
| Never-married | 1.22 | 0.20 | 0.03 | *** | 1.12 | 0.11 | 0.05 | * | 1.18 | 0.16 | 0.05 | *** |
| Polygynously married | 1.17 | 0.16 | 0.01 | *** | 1.19 | 0.18 | 0.02 | *** | 1.17 | 0.16 | 0.02 | *** |
| Monogamously married (ref) | — | — | — | |||||||||
| Subnational region prevalence of divorced women (%) | 0.99 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.98 | −0.02 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Key maternal characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Experienced IPV1 | 1.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | |||||||||
| Years of formal schooling | 0.97 | −0.03 | 0.00 | *** | ||||||||
| Household wealth | ||||||||||||
| Poorest | ||||||||||||
| Poor | 1.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||||||||
| Average | 0.96 | −0.04 | 0.02 | ** | ||||||||
| Rich | 0.91 | −0.10 | 0.02 | *** | ||||||||
| Richest | 0.78 | −0.25 | 0.02 | *** | ||||||||
| Additional controls | ||||||||||||
| Child-level | ||||||||||||
| Maternal age at birth | 0.98 | −0.02 | 0.00 | *** | 0.98 | −0.02 | 0.00 | *** | 0.98 | −0.02 | 0.00 | *** |
| Birth order | 1.09 | 0.09 | 0.00 | *** | 1.09 | 0.09 | 0.00 | *** | 1.08 | 0.07 | 0.00 | *** |
| Length of preceding birth interval | ||||||||||||
| First born | ||||||||||||
| Short interval | 0.91 | −0.10 | 0.02 | *** | 0.91 | −0.10 | 0.02 | *** | 0.89 | −0.12 | 0.02 | *** |
| Long interval | 0.55 | −0.60 | 0.02 | *** | 0.55 | −0.60 | 0.02 | *** | 0.54 | −0.61 | 0.02 | *** |
| Female | 0.86 | −0.16 | 0.01 | *** | 0.86 | −0.16 | 0.01 | *** | 0.86 | −0.16 | 0.01 | *** |
| Multiple birth | 3.81 | 1.34 | 0.02 | *** | 3.82 | 1.34 | 0.02 | *** | 3.86 | 1.35 | 0.02 | *** |
| Age dummies (not shown) | ||||||||||||
| Subnational region-level | ||||||||||||
| Percent households rural | 0.92 | −0.08 | 0.11 | |||||||||
| Percent women employed | 1.62 | 0.48 | 0.14 | *** | ||||||||
| Average years of school among women | 0.98 | −0.02 | 0.02 | |||||||||
| Country-level | ||||||||||||
| Country dummies (not shown) | ||||||||||||
| Variance components | ||||||||||||
| Between subnational region variance | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||||||||
| Model Fit | ||||||||||||
| Likelihood-ratio test | 1146.49*** | 755.03*** | 768.30*** | |||||||||
*
p<.05
**
p<.01.
***
p<.001.
Source: Demographic and Health Survey.