Table 1.
Subject and Fecal Microbiota Characteristics in Infants According to Gestational Weight Gain Category (n=84)
| Characteristics | Maternal gestational weight gain | P-value |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤11.9 kg n=26 |
12.0–14.9
kg n=24 |
≥15.0 kg n=34 |
||
| Subject characteristics | ||||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (mo), median (IQR) | 4.1 (2.2–4.6) | 3.7 (2.1–4.8) | 2.1 (1.8–4.9) | 0.36 |
| Female sex | 9 (35) | 13 (54) | 14 (41) | 0.37 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.20 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 15 (58) | 15 (62) | 14 (41) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 4 (15) | 1 (4) | 3 (9) | |
| Hispanic | 5 (19) | 3 (12) | 5 (15) | |
| Other | 2 (8) | 5 (21) | 12 (35) | |
| Annual household income | 0.06 | |||
| <$40,000 | 4 (16) | 1 (4) | 2 (6) | |
| $40,000 to $99,999 | 7 (28) | 13 (53) | 9 (27) | |
| $100,000 or more | 15 (58) | 10 (42) | 23 (68) | |
| Prenatal history | ||||
| Maternal age (year), median (IQR) | 34 (31–37) | 32 (29–37) | 31 (28–36) | 0.23 |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.32 |
| Maternal antibiotic use during pregnancy | 2 (8) | 3 (12) | 4 (12) | 0.83 |
| Maternal antibiotic use during labor | 11 (42) | 10 (42) | 6 (18) | 0.06 |
| Past medical history | ||||
| Mode of birth | 0.56 | |||
| Vaginal birth | 15 (58) | 17 (71) | 20 (59) | |
| Cesarean section | 11 (42) | 7 (29) | 14 (41) | |
| Prematurity (32–37 weeks) | 2 (8) | 2 (8) | 6 (18) | 0.41 |
| History of systemic antibiotic use before enrollment | 4 (15) | 3 (12) | 4 (12) | 0.91 |
| Environmental characteristics | ||||
| Mostly breastfed for the first 3 months of age | 16 (62) | 21 (88) | 29 (85) | 0.04 |
| Ever attended daycare | 3 (12) | 3 (12) | 5 (15) | 0.93 |
| Fecal microbiota characteristics | ||||
| Microbiota profiles | 0.03 | |||
| Enterobacter-dominant profile | 3 (12) | 8 (33) | 8 (24) | |
| Escherichia-dominant profile | 1 (4) | 6 (25) | 7 (21) | |
| Bifidobacterium-dominant profile | 13 (50) | 6 (25) | 16 (47) | |
| Bacteroides-dominant profile | 9 (35) | 4 (17) | 3 (9) | |
| Number of genera, median (IQR) | 19 (13–23) | 13 (10–17) | 14 (10–18) | 0.01 |
| Shannon diversity index, mean (SD) | 1.64 (0.51) | 1.32 (0.44) | 1.30 (0.44) | 0.01 |
Data are no. (%) of infants unless otherwise indicated. Percentages may not equal 100 because of missingness or rounding
Abbreviations: mo, months; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation