Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of the variables used in this study by racial/ethnic groups
| Variable Name | Full Sample (N=9,831) | Non-Hispanic White (N=6,621) | Non-Hispanic Black (N=2,359) | Hispanic (N=505) | Other Races (N=346) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Mean (S.D.) or % | Mean (S.D.) or % | Mean (S.D.) or % | Mean (S.D.) or % | Mean (S.D.) or % | ||||
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| Stress (1–10) | 5.27 (2.67) | 5.30 (2.55) | 5.17 (2.91) | * | 5.39 (3.00) | 5.38 (2.73) | ||
| Discrimination (1=Yes, 0=No) | 9.39% | 4.06% | 20.28% | *** | 20.84% | *** | 18.71% | *** |
| Health care system distrust | ||||||||
| Distrust1 (1–5) | 2.77 (1.13) | 2.73 (1.12) | 2.87 (1.16) | *** | 2.68 (1.13) | 2.91 (1.16) | ** | |
| Distrust2 (1–5) | 3.56 (1.05) | 3.52 (1.05) | 3.67 (1.06) | *** | 3.50 (1.06) | 3.64 (1.04) | * | |
| Distrust3 (1–5) | 2.78 (1.07) | 2.68 (1.04) | 3.04 (1.11) | *** | 2.75 (1.06) | 2.90 (1.10) | *** | |
| Distrust4 (1–5) | 3.07 (1.08) | 3.03 (1.08) | 3.18 (1.09) | *** | 3.00 (1.05) | 3.11 (1.09) | ||
| Distrust5 (1–5) | 3.57 (1.12) | 3.51 (1.14) | 3.73 (1.08) | *** | 3.43 (1.13) | † | 3.73 (1.07) | ** |
| Distrust6 (1–5) | 2.78 (1.02) | 2.71 (1.00) | 2.96 (1.06) | *** | 2.74 (1.02) | 2.85 (1.05) | ** | |
| Distrust7 (1–5) | 3.21 (1.19) | 3.14 (1.18) | 3.44 (1.19) | *** | 3.04 (1.23) | † | 3.19 (1.26) | |
| Distrust8 (1–5) | 3.07 (1.11) | 2.95 (1.10) | 3.36 (1.08) | *** | 2.99 (1.12) | 3.26 (1.07) | *** | |
| Distrust9 (1–5) | 2.69 (1.09) | 2.47 (1.00) | 3.23 (1.10) | *** | 2.84 (1.10) | *** | 2.90 (1.13) | *** |
| Neighborhood social capital | ||||||||
| Willingness to help (1–5) | 3.60 (1.20) | 3.72 (1.14) | 3.36 (1.26) | *** | 3.27 (1.39) | *** | 3.43 (1.20) | *** |
| Neighborhood improvement (1=Yes, 0=No) | 60.84% | 57.09% | 72.71% | *** | 53.75% | 59.88% | ||
| Sense of belonging (1–4) | 3.17 (0.71) | 3.23 (0.67) | 3.07 (0.76) | *** | 3.03 (0.78) | *** | 3.07 (0.75) | *** |
| Trust (1–4) | 3.04 (0.77) | 3.20 (0.68) | 2.66 (0.84) | *** | 2.72 (0.87) | *** | 2.92 (0.79) | *** |
| Health conditions‡ | ||||||||
| Depression (1=Yes, 0=No) | 13.70% | 14.00% | 12.07% | * | 19.32% | ** | 13.29% | |
| High blood pressure (1=Yes, 0=No) | 34.59% | 31.84% | 44.59% | *** | 28.51% | 22.38% | *** | |
| Social/demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Age | 52.38 (16.22) | 54.48 (15.74) | 49.47 (16.40) | *** | 43.08 (15.18) | *** | 44.14 (15.66) | *** |
| Gender (1=Male, 0=Female) | 32.30% | 33.71% | 27.61% | *** | 30.10% | † | 38.60% | † |
| Married or living with a partner (1=Yes, 0=No) | 54.80% | 62.11% | 36.17% | *** | 47.42% | *** | 51.45% | *** |
| Income level (1–19) | 12.14 (5.66) | 13.42 (5.14) | 9.371 (5.636) | *** | 8.442 (6.077) | *** | 12.426 (5.493) | ** |
| Educational attainment (Less than high school graduate=Reference) | ||||||||
| High school graduate (1=Yes, 0=No) | 32.22% | 29.78% | 41.58% | *** | 29.17% | 21.45% | *** | |
| Some college (1=Yes, 0=No) | 20.07% | 18.88% | 23.51% | *** | 19.44% | 20.58% | ||
| College graduate (1=Yes, 0=No) | 24.25% | 27.43% | 16.45% | *** | 15.08% | *** | 28.12% | |
| Post-college (1=Yes, 0=No) | 15.97% | 18.94% | 7.53% | *** | 10.32% | *** | 23.77% | * |
Note: significance levels were obtained by conducting two-sample t-tests for continuous or dummy variables and Mann-Whitney U-tests for ordinal variables with Non-Hispanic Black as the reference group.
***
p≤0.001,
**
p≤0.01,
*
p≤0.05,
†
p≤0.1
‡
Please see appendices for the results without health conditions.