(A) Protein expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. (B) Protein expression of phosphorylated (p)-Smad3, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. (C) Protein expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. (D) Protein expression of p-Smad1/5, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. (E) Protein expression of cleaved (c)-caspase 3, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. (F) Protein expression of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (c-PARP), * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), p<0.0001. All statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison post hoc test (n=6 for each group). Symbols (*, †, ‡, §, ¶) indicate significance (at 0.05 level). SC: sham-operative control; LVIs: left ventricular ischemia; CKD: chronic kidney disease; ECSW: extracorporeal shock wave.