Table 1. Time courses of transthoracic echocardiographic findings among five groups.

Variables	Group 1 (n=6)	Group 2 (n=6)	Group 3 (n=6)	Group 4 (n=6)	Group 5 (n=6)	p-value
Day 0
LVEDd (mm)	34.91 ± 6.81	32.36 ± 5.0	34.0 ± 3.85	33.55 ± 7.0	35.90 ± 3.72	0.712
LVESd (mm)	21.95 ± 4.92	20.76 ± 3.89	21.59 ± 1.70	20.68 ± 5.10	23.11 ± 2.87	0.531
LVEF (%)	68.58 ± 3.67	67.04 ± 3.76	66.92 ± 3.69	67.39 ± 4.15	66.18 ± 2.96	0.882
Day 44*
LVEDd (mm)	34.41 ± 4.82a	39.22 ± 2.31b	39.96 ± 3.43b	40.14 ± 3.24b	38.18 ± 3.12b	<0.001
LVESd (mm)	21.15 ± 2.92a	28.09 ± 1.61b	29.01 ± 1.62b	28.98 ± 2.08b	28.31 ± 1.96b	<0.001
LVEF (%)	67.86 ± 3.67a	55.36 ± 1.88b	55.26 ± 4.76b	57.84 ± 5.98b	57.05 ± 2.80b	<0.001
Day 90†
LVEDd (mm)	35.56 ± 2.17a	41.01 ± 5.18b	40.78 ± 6.61b	41.85 ± 3.46b	38.92 ± 5.10b	<0.01
LVESd (mm)	22.70 ± 1.89a	30.82 ± 3.44b	30.10 ± 4.43b	31.39 ± 2.37b	28.18 ± 3.50b	<0.001
LVEF (%)	66.82 ± 3.29a	50.27 ± 2.15b	51.47 ± 4.13b	50.77 ± 4.35b	51.96 ± 4.09b	<0.001
Day 180
LVEDd (mm)	36.26 ± 2.47a	45.59 ± 2.62b	45.43 ± 4.97b	45.05 ± 2.76b	46.23 ± 3.41b	<0.0001
LVESd (mm)	23.21 ± 2.02a	35.19 ± 4.43b	36.38 ± 4.46b	31.46 ± 1.61c	32.17 ± 1.45c	<0.0001
LVEF (%)	66.27 ± 3.72a	45.03 ± 9.59b	40.60 ± 5.05c	59.61 ± 3.93d	56.41 ± 2.79e	<0.0001

Data are expressed as mean ± SD or (%).

Group 1 = sham-operated control; group 2 = left ventricular ischemia (LVIs) by ameroid constrictor applied to left anterior descending artery; group 3 = LVIs + chronic kidney disease (CKD) by right nephrectomy and half (1/2) of the left renal artery ligation (i.e., LVIs + CKD); group 4 = LVIs + extracorporeal shock wave (ECSW); group 5 = LVIs + CKD + ECSW.

* indicated the timing was 44 days after CKD induction.

† indicated the ECSW was applied to groups 4 and 5 by day 90 after CKD induction.

LVEDd: left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESd: left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.

Letters (^{a, b, c, d, e}) indicate significant difference (at 0.05 level) by Tukey multiple comparison procedure.