Mice were treated with sorafenib alone (30 mg/kg/day) or in combination with tocilizumab (100 mg three times a week). (A) Sorafenib as well as combination therapy with sorafenib and tocilizumab lead to a decrease of the viable region in the central area of the tumor. (B) SUVmax was significantly decreased in the tumor in the combination therapy compared with sorafenib alone at day 3 (SUVmax 9.6 vs. 11.9, p = 0.04). At day 21, FDG-PET imaging showed that the SUV value remained low in the tumor with the combination therapy, although value difference was not significant compared with sorafenib treatment alone (p = 0.10). (C) RCC in nude mice were analyzed by HE and endothelial cell staining (CD31) on day 3 and day 21. Tumors from mice treated with sorafenib, as well as with the combination therapy, showed no remarkable change on day 3 of challenge. CD31 positive cells were only marginal in both groups. On day 21 tumors from mice treated with sorafenib, as well as with combination therapy, showed central necrosis in the tumor. However, tumors from mice treated with sorafenib alone retain a viable tumor area at the central tumor region and show CD31 positive cells among the viable tumor cells.