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. 2017 Apr 18;8(33):55632–55645. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.17184

Table 2. Application value of CTCs/ctDNA/exosomes in CRC.

Material Biomarkers Potential clinical utility Methods References
CTCs CK-19, EpCAM Prognostic CK19-Epispot and CellSearch™ [58]
EpCAM Predictive and prognostic CellSearch™ [22, 23][59]
CEA, CK19, and CK20 Prognostic RT-PCR [33]
CEA/CK/CD133 Prognostic RT-PCR [34]
EpCAM, CKs; VIM, TWIST1, AKT2, SNAI1 Prognostic CanPatrolTM [60]
CD133, EpCAM, CD26, CD44v6 Prognostic(functional research) Drug sensitivity analysis of CTC lines [62]
KRAS, BRAF, and PI3KCA Prognostic Label-free Vortex technology [28]
EpCAM Screening high-risk stage II CRC patients CellSearch™ [66]
ctDNA Methylated SEPT9 Screening and early detection Duplicate real-time PCRs [45]
APC, KRAS, TP53, and PI3KCA Prognostic and therapy monitoring BEAMing, real-time PCR [39]
A modest panel of 15 genes Predictive Safe-SeqS [67]
APC, KRAS, TP53 Predictive Safe-SeqS [68]
Methylated WIF1 and NPY Prognostic dPCR [69]
Methylated ALU83, ALU244, OSMR, and SFRP1 Diagnostic and prognostic ALU-based real-time PCR, methylation-specific real-time PCR [70]
KRAS Therapy selection and monitoring BEAMing, real-time PCR, and NGSeq, [71]
KRAS Therapy selection and monitoring BEAMing and real-time PCR [7]
KRAS, BRAF Therapy selection and monitoring Real-time PCR [72]
KRAS, NRAS, MET, ERBB2, FLT3, EGFR, and MAP2K1 Therapy selection and monitoring dPCR and NGS [74]
KRAS, BRAF Therapy selection and monitoring ARMS-qPCR [75]
Exosomes miRNAs Diagnostic miRNA microarray analysis and qRT-PCR [79]
miRNAs Prognostic Microarray and CGH analysis and qRT-PCR [80]
Proteins Diagnostic Mass spectrometry and western blotting [81]
Proteins Prognostic (function research) Proteomics measurements and western blotting [82]
Microvesicles (Fas ligand and TNF) Prognostic and therapeutic(function research) Flow cytometry, western blotting, and immunoelectron microscopy [89]
HHS Vulnerability Disclosure