Table 1. Genes most frequently mutated in hepatocellular carcinoma.
| Pathways | Genes | Function | Frequency in HCC (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Telomere maintenance | TERT | Maintaining telomere length | 47.1 | [20] |
| Cell cycle control | TP53 | Tumor suppressor | 28-36 | [20, 29] |
| CCND1 | Cell proliferation | 7.2 | [11] | |
| CDKN2A | Cell cycle regulator | 7.2 | [3] | |
| WNT-β-catenin signaling | CTNNB1 | Transcriptional regulator | 17-37 | [20, 25, 33, 46] |
| AXIN1 | Signal transducer | 4-14 | [20, 29] | |
| Oxidative stress | NFE2L2 | Transcriptional regulator | 6.4 | [3] |
| KEAP1 | Proteinase adaptor | 8 | [46] | |
| Chromatin remodeling | ARID1A | Chromatin remodeling | 16.8 | [3] |
| ARID2 | Chromatin remodeling | 5.6 | [3] | |
| AKT-mTOR-MAPK pathway | RPS6KA3 | kinase | 2-10 | [3, 29] |
| PTEN | Tumor suppressor | 3 | [25] | |
| FGF19 | Metabolic regulation factor | 5 | [25] | |
| PI3KCA | Effector of PTEN-AKT pathway | 2-4 | [3, 29] | |
| JAK/STAT signaling | JAK1 | kinase | 5 | [20] |
| Angiogenesis | VEGFA | Tumor proliferation | 3.8 | [54] |
ARID: AT-rich interaction domain; AXIN1: axin 1; CCND1: cyclin D1; CDKN2A: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; CTNNB1: β-catenin; FGF19: fibroblast growth factor 19; KEAP1: kelch like ECH associated protein 1; NFE2L2: nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homologue; RPS6KA3: ribosomal protein S6 kinase 90kDa, polypeptide 3; TERT: telomerase reverse transcriptase; TP53: tumor protein p53; VEGFA: vascular endothelial growth factor A.