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. 2017 Sep 7;7:10858. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10682-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Results item recognition memory. An isolated reminder resulted in better item recognition specific to items from the CS+ category after 24 h but not immediately. (a) Reminder group (solid bars, N = 18), no-reminder group (open bars, N = 20), CS+ (red), CS− (blue), acquisition = items that were presented during acquisition, extinction = items that were presented during extinction, error bars reflect SEM. Across both groups participants were able to discriminate old from new items as revealed by one sample t-tests on d-prime scores (CS+: t(37) = 6.335, p < 0.001; 0.6711 ± 0.1059; CS−: t(37) = 5.483, p < 0.001; 0.5216 ± 0.0951). Follow-up independent samples t-test on difference scores ([CS+ acquisition + CS+ extinction] − [CS− acquisition + CS− extinction]) revealed greater differential item memory in the reminder group compared to the no-reminder group (t(36) = −3.050, p = 0.004; no-reminder: −0.2995 ± 0.2720; reminder: 0.7721 ± 0.2139). Follow-up paired samples T-test on the average d-prime scores across acquisition and extinction for CS+ and CS− items revealed better memory for CS+ items than CS− items in the reminder group (t(17) = 3.610, p = 0.002; CS+: 0.9158 ± 0.1207; CS−: 0.5298, ±0.1432) but no difference in the no-reminder group (t(19) = −1.101, p = 0.285; CS+: 0.4908 ± 0.1167; CS−: 0.6405 ± 0.0827). Planned t-test revealed better memory for CS+ than CS− items from acquisition (t(17) = 3.691, p = 0.002; CS+: 0.9386 ± 0.1570; CS−: 0.4868, ±0.1510) and extinction (t(17) = 2.571, p = 0.020; CS+: 0.8930 ± 0.1764; CS−: 0.5728, ± 0.1458) in the reminder but not the no-reminder group (p > 0.2). (b) For the reminder immediate memory test group (right panel, solid bars, N = 16) follow-up paired samples t-test on the average d-prime scores across acquisition and extinction for CS+ and CS− items revealed no difference in recognition memory (t(15) = 0.312, p = 0.759; CS+: 0.6855 ± 0.0611; CS−: 0.6458 ± 0.1314), and planned comparisons revealed no difference between CS+ and CS− items from acquisition and extinction (Ps > 0.6).