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. 2017 Sep 7;7:10858. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10682-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Results context memory. An isolated reminder resulted in better memory for the temporal context of items from the CS+ category. Reminder group (solid bars, N = 18), no-reminder group (open bars, N = 20), CS+ (red), CS− (blue), acquisition = items that were presented during acquisition, extinction = items that were presented during extinction, error bars reflect SEM. Follow-up one sample t-tests revealed that participants accurately indicated CS+ items from acquisition to be from day 1 (t(37) = 5.045, p < 0.001), but also inaccurately indicated CS+ items from extinction to be from day 1 (t(37) = −2.614, p = 0.013), and were not able to differentiate CS− items from acquisition (t(37) = 0.947, p = 0.350) and extinction (t(37) = 0.388, p = 0.701). Follow-up paired samples t-test revealed a difference in memory performance between CS+ items from acquisition and extinction (t(37) = 4.322, p < 0.001; CS+ acquisition: 0.5533 ± 0.1097; CS+ extinction: −0.388 ± 0.1485) but no difference for CS− items (t(37) = 0.290, p = 0.773; CS− acquisition: 0.0894 ± 0.0945; CS− extinction: 0.0441 ± 0.1137). Follow-up independent samples t-tests on temporal context memory scores averaged across CS+ items from acquisition and extinction (inset) revealed better memory in the reminder group than in the no-reminder group for the CS+ at trend (t(36) = −1.845, p = 0.073; no-reminder: −0.0395 ± 0.0778; reminder: 0.2128 ± 0.1193). (b) The reminder immediate test group (right panel, solid bars, N = 16) was able to accurately indicate the source of CS+ items from acquisition (t(15) = 7.114, p < 0.001: 0.7489 ± 0.1052) but not extinction nor did they inaccurately indicated items from extinction to be from acquisition (t(15) = −1.728, p < 0.105; reminder immediate group: 0. −0.4584 ± 0.2653) revealed by one-sample t-test. Averaging across CS+ trials from acquisition and extinction revealed that the reminder extinction group was overall not able to discriminate the source of items correctly (t(15) = 1.223, p = 0.240: 0.1452 ± 0.1188).