Table 1.

Approach characteristics of the different age-sex classes.

Comparisons	Adult females	Adult males	Subadults
Alone versus with another orca(s)	3.05 ± 0.06/1.16 ± 0.02	4.61 ± 0.65/0.88 ± 0.37	4.72 ± 2.04/0.72 ± 0.54
	N = 56 z = 3.32	N = 17 z = 5.51	N = 11 z = 2.93
	p = 0.0009	p = 0.0007	p  = 0.003
Close versus Far	3.86 ± 0.07/0.3 ± 0	5.11 ± 0.83/0.2 ± 0.1	5.45 ± 2.67/0.1 ± 0.09
	N = 56 z = 6.23	N = 18 z = 3.62	N = 11 z = 2.93
	p  = 0.00001	p  = 0.0003	p  = 0.003
Very close versus Close	0.96 ± 0.03/2.9 ± 0	3.11 ± 0.57/2.05 ± 0.59	2.91 ± 2.25/2.54 ± 0.55
	N = 54 z = 4.89	N = 15 z = 1.47	N = 10 z = 1.68
	p  < 0.0001	p  = 0.14	p = 0.09
Short versus Long gaze	2.71 ± 0.04/1.46 ± 0.04	2.16 ± 0.61/3.33 ± 0.56	3.72 ± 1.84/1.63 ± 0.86
	N = 40 z = 3.91	N = 16 z = 1.75	N = 9 z = 2.07
	p  = 0.00009	p = 0.08	p  = 0.04
Slow versus Fast swimming	4.25 ± 0.07/1.87 ± 0.03	4.22 ± 0.61/1.11 ± 0.43	4.45 ± 1.34/4.49 ± 1.35
	N = 52 z = 1.48	N = 17 z = 3.40	N = 10 z = 0.96
	p = 0.14	p  = 0.0006	p = 0.33
Horizontal versus Vertical head movement	0.36 ± 0.01/0.25 ± 0.01	0.5 ± 0.18/0.22 ± 0.10	0.36 ± 0.36/0.45 ± 0.36
	N = 16 z = 0.98	N = 6 z = 2.20	N = 1
	p = 0.33	p  = 0.03
Whistling versus Silence	1.05 ± 0.27/3.13 ± 0.50	1.27 ± 0.40/4.22 ± 0.65	1.83 ± 1.05/8.33 ± 4.41
	N = 55 z = 4.47	N = 16 z = 2	N = 11 z = 3.059
	p = 0.00008	p  = 0.0006	p  = 0.003

In each cell: First line – mean number of occurrences (+/− standard error) for the two compared behavioural units; Second and third lines – Number of individuals taken into account in the statistical analysis (equal scores excluded), z score and p value of the Wilcoxon test (significances in bold). NA: test not applicable.