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. 2017 Sep 7;7:10831. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11480-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Under the same experimental conditions, the anti-cancer capacity of the direct CAP treatment is significantly stronger than the indirect CAP treatment. For the indirect CAP treatment, the CAP-stimulated DMEM was used to affect the growth of cancer cells. Comparison between the direct CAP treatment and the indirect treatment is performed on (a) MDA-MB-231 cells and (b) PA-TU-8988T cells. Pre-treating cancer cells with 6 mM NAC an intracellular scavenger for 3 hr or immediately (about 1 min) renewing the DMEM after the direct CAP treatment can effectively weakens the anti-cancer capacity of the direct CAP treatment on (c) MDA-MB-231 cells and (d) PA-TU-8988T cells. Results are presented as the mean ± s.d. of three independently repeated experiments. Student’s t-test was performed between the results from the direct CAP treatment and the results from the indirect CAP treatment. The significance is indicated as *p < 0.05.