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. 2017 Sep 7;7:10784. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10874-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Long-term tumoroid culture recapitulates the invasion front from a tumor mass. (a) Overview of tumoroid culture. Syringe needles were placed in an empty device (left) through three channel openings; scale bar = 5mm. Fluidic channels were formed after injection and polymerization of 1 mg/mlcollagen gel (middle). Cancer cells were then introduced into the middle channel before both ends of the channel was sealed to form a tumoroid (right); scale bar = 500 μm. (b and c) Formation of invasion front in PC3 (b) and DU145 (c) tumoroids over 3 weeks. Scale bars = 100 μm. (d and e) Quantification of average invasion distance on both sides of PC3 (d) and DU145 (e) tumoroids measured over 3 weeks. (f) Comparison of overall invasion of PC3 and DU145 tumoroids over 3 weeks. Data were plotted as the mean ± s.e.m, with n = 3 biological replicates. P-values for each time point were calculated using two tailed unpaired t-test. *P < 0.05.