Table 3.
Multivariate associations between childhood adversities (CA) and the subsequent first onset of psychotic experiences in each of four life-course stagesa
| Childhood, age 4–12b (p-years = 286,818) | Adolescence, age 13–19c (p-years = 164,230) | Young adulthood, age 20–29d (p-years = 198,248) | Later adulthood, age 30+e (p-years = 325,903) | Test for significance difference: (childhood vs. other 3 life-course stages) | Test for the significance of the slope differences across 4 life course stages | |||||||||
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| OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | χ2 | [p-value] | χ2 | [p-value] | χ2 | [p-value] | |
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| I. Maladaptive family functioning CAs | ||||||||||||||
| Parental mental illness | 2.1* | (1.4–3.0) | 2.3* | (1.5–3.5) | 1.6* | (1.2–2.1) | 1.8* | (1.2–2.8) | χ21 = 0.0 | [0.937] | χ23 = 1.5 | [0.674] | χ221 = 39.8* | [0.008] |
| Parental substance disorder | 0.9 | (0.5–1.5) | 1.0 | (0.6–1.7) | 0.9 | (0.6–1.4) | 1.0 | (0.5–2.0) | χ21 = 0.1 | [0.776] | χ23 = 0.1 | [0.992] | ||
| Parental criminal behaviour | 2.3* | (1.2–4.4) | 1.6 | (0.9–2.8) | 1.7 | (0.9–3.2) | 1.2 | (0.7–2.0) | χ21 = 2.3 | [0.130] | χ23 = 2.5 | [0.481] | ||
| Family violence | 1.5 | (0.9–2.7) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.1) | 1.1 | (0.7–1.6) | 0.9 | (0.6–1.4) | χ21 = 1.9 | [0.171] | χ23 = 3.1 | [0.373] | ||
| Physical abuse | 2.1* | (1.4–3.3) | 1.5* | (1.0–2.2) | 1.9* | (1.3–2.8) | 2.2* | (1.5–3.2) | χ21 = 0.0 | [0.959] | χ23 = 3.7 | [0.300] | ||
| Sexual abuse | 8.5* | (3.6–20.2) | 1.8* | (1.0–3.1) | 1.1 | (0.6–2.0) | 2.8* | (1.5–5.1) | χ21 = 5.5* | [0.019] | χ23 = 15.2* | [0.002] | ||
| Neglect | 1.4 | (0.9–2.3) | 0.9 | (0.6–1.4) | 1.2 | (0.8–1.8) | 1.1 | (0.7–1.7) | χ21 = 0.6 | [0.423] | χ23 = 2.5 | [0.472] | ||
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| Joint significance of all 7 MFF CA indicators | χ27 = 131.3* | χ27 = 41.2* | χ27 = 53.4* | χ27 = 65.8* | ||||||||||
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| II. Other CAs | ||||||||||||||
| Parental death | 1.4 | (0.8–2.4) | 0.9 | (0.6–1.3) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.0) | 0.9 | (0.6–1.3) | χ21 = 2.4 | [0.122] | χ23 = 5.7 | [0.129] | χ212 = 9.4 | [0.665] |
| Parental divorce | 1.2 | (0.7–2.3) | 1.3 | (0.9–1.9) | 1.2 | (0.8–1.8) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.0) | χ21 = 0.0 | [0.855] | χ23 = 0.0 | [0.998] | ||
| Other parental loss | 1.4 | (0.8–2.6) | 1.2 | (0.7–1.8) | 1.2 | (0.7–1.9) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.2) | χ21 = 0.1 | [0.717] | χ23 = 1.0 | [0.792] | ||
| Economic adversity | 1.2 | (0.6–2.3) | 1.9* | (1.2–3.2) | 1.1 | (0.5–2.3) | 1.2 | (0.7–2.1) | χ21 = 0.2 | [0.651] | χ23 = 2.6 | [0.455] | ||
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| Joint significance of all 4 Other CA indicators | χ24 = 4.3 | χ24 = 12.6* | χ24 = 3.2 | χ24 = 6.6 | ||||||||||
*
Significant at the .05 level, 2-tailed test
a
Model was estimated with dummy variables for all childhood adversities entered simultaneously as predictors of psychotic experiences onset controlling for country, person-years, age-cohorts and sex.
b
Model is restricted to person-years between 4–12.
c
Model is restricted to person-years between 13–19.
d
Model is restricted to person-years between 20–29.
e
Model is restricted to person-years > 29.