Table 5.
Multivariate associations between childhood adversities (CA) and the subsequent first onset of psychotic experiences in each of four life-course stages with adjustment for mental disordersa
| Childhood, age 4–12b (p-years = 286,818) | Adolescence, age 13–19c (p-years = 164,230) | Young adulthood, age 20–29d (p-years = 198,248) | Later adulthood, age 30+e (p-years = 325,903) | Test for significance difference: (childhood vs. other 3 life-course stages) | Test for the significance of the slope differences across 4 life course stages | |||||||||
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| OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | χ2 | [p-value] | χ2 | [p-value] | χ2 | [p-value] | |
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| I. Maladaptive family functioning CAs | ||||||||||||||
| Parental mental illness | 2.0* | (1.4–2.8) | 1.7* | (1.1–2.7) | 1.2 | (0.9–1.6) | 1.6* | (1.0–2.4) | χ21 = 0.7 | [0.415] | χ23 = 3.3 | [0.345] | χ221 = 53.6* | [0.000] |
| Parental substance disorder | 0.9 | (0.5–1.5) | 1.0 | (0.6–1.7) | 0.9 | (0.6–1.5) | 1.0 | (0.5–2.0) | χ21 = 0.0 | [0.847] | χ23 = 0.1 | [0.990] | ||
| Parental criminal behaviour | 2.4* | (1.3–4.5) | 1.5 | (0.8–2.7) | 1.8 | (0.9–3.3) | 1.2 | (0.7–1.9) | χ21 = 2.8 | [0.095] | χ23 = 2.8 | [0.417] | ||
| Family violence | 1.5 | (0.9–2.7) | 1.2 | (0.8–1.8) | 1.0 | (0.6–1.5) | 0.7 | (0.5–1.1) | χ21 = 3.4 | [0.064] | χ23 = 5.4 | [0.146] | ||
| Physical abuse | 2.1* | (1.3–3.3) | 1.3 | (0.9–1.9) | 1.7* | (1.2–2.5) | 2.0* | (1.3–2.9) | χ21 = 0.1 | [0.830] | χ23 = 4.0 | [0.260] | ||
| Sexual abuse | 9.3* | (3.7–23.8) | 1.5 | (0.9–2.7) | 0.9 | (0.5–1.8) | 2.1* | (1.1–4.1) | χ21 = 7.4* | [0.007] | χ23 = 15.7* | [0.001] | ||
| Neglect | 1.4 | (0.9–2.3) | 0.9 | (0.5–1.4) | 1.1 | (0.7–1.8) | 1.0 | (0.7–1.6) | χ21 = 0.8 | [0.364] | χ23 = 2.3 | [0.514] | ||
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| Joint significance of all 7 MFF CA indicators | χ27 = 109.0* | χ27 = 13.0 | χ27 = 19.7* | χ27 = 32.3* | ||||||||||
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| II. Other CAs | ||||||||||||||
| Parental death | 1.4 | (0.7–2.4) | 0.9 | (0.6–1.3) | 1.3 | (0.9–2.0) | 0.8 | (0.6–1.2) | χ21 = 2.3 | [0.126] | χ23 = 6.0 | [0.111] | χ212 = 10.0 | [0.612] |
| Parental divorce | 1.2 | (0.7–2.2) | 1.3 | (0.9–1.9) | 1.2 | (0.8–1.8) | 1.3 | (0.9–1.9) | χ21 = 0.0 | [0.981] | χ23 = 0.0 | [0.999] | ||
| Other parental loss | 1.4 | (0.8–2.6) | 1.1 | (0.7–1.8) | 1.2 | (0.7–1.9) | 1.3 | (0.9–2.0) | χ21 = 0.2 | [0.638] | χ23 = 1.0 | [0.806] | ||
| Economic adversity | 1.3 | (0.7–2.5) | 1.7* | (1.1–2.8) | 1.0 | (0.5–2.3) | 1.1 | (0.6–2.0) | χ21 = 0.3 | [0.597] | χ23 = 2.8 | [0.424] | ||
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| Joint significance of all 4 Other CA indicators | χ24 = 4.4 | χ24 = 9.3 | χ24 = 2.7 | χ24 = 4.8 | ||||||||||
*
Significant at the .05 level, 2-tailed test
a
Model was estimated with dummy variables for all childhood adversities entered simultaneously as predictors of psychotic experiences onset controlling for country, person-years, age-cohorts, sex and 21 DSM-IV mental disorders.
b
Model is restricted to person-years between 4–12.
c
Model is restricted to person-years between 13–19.
d
Model is restricted to person-years between 20–29.
e
Model is restricted to person-years > 29.