Table 3.

Factors associated with chronic periodontitis (backward stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis)

Variable	Unadjusted		p value	Adjusted		p value
	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
Sex
Female	1.00			1.00
Male	2.42	1.95–3.00	<0.001	1.97	1.47–2.65	<0.001
Age group (years)
30–44	1.00			1.00
45–60	4.29	3.41–5.40	<0.001	4.19	3.23–5.44	<0.001
Ethnicity
Sinhala	1.00			1.00
Tamil	0.99	0.71–1.38	0.94	0.77	0.51–1.14	0.19
Muslim	1.69	1.31–2.51	0.01	1.63	1.03–2.58	0.04
Level of education (years)
>12	1.00			1.00
11–12	1.35	0.86–2.13	0.20	1.68	1.00–2.83	0.05
6–10	2.55	1.60–4.07	<0.001	2.80	1.63–4.81	<0.001
0–5	3.12	1.79–5.43	<0.001	2.39	1.23–4.61	0.01
Monthly household income (Rupees)
≤20,000	1.00
>20,000	1.07	0.85–1.35	0.58
Current occupation
Low category	1.00
High category	0.65	0.50–0.84	0.001
Mode of tooth cleaning
Brush	1.00			1.00
Finger	7.31	2.17–24.63	0.001	4.30	1.05–17.61	0.04
Material used for tooth cleaning
Toothpaste	1.00
Others	3.67	1.66–8.11	0.001
Tooth cleaning frequency
Once/day	1.00
>once/day	0.80	0.60–1.06	0.11
Smoking
Never	1.00			1.00
Former	2.48	1.69–3.65	<0.001	1.21	0.76–1.93	0.43
Current	4.38	3.18–6.03	<0.001	3.27	2.21–4.85	<0.001
Smoking in pack-years	1.15	1.10–1.20	<0.001
Betel quid chewing
No	1.00			1.00
Current chewer	3.17	2.17–4.63	<0.001	2.05	1.34–3.14	0.001
Alcohol use
Never	1.00
Ever	2.21	1.79–2.74	<0.001
Alcohol × smoking
Never/never	1.00
Ever/former smoker	2.37	1.61–3.50	<0.001
Ever/current smoker	4.02	2.89–5.60	<0.001
Alcohol × betel chewing × smoking
Never/never/never	1.00
Ever alcohol user × current chewer × former smoker	3.43	1.36–8.64	0.009
Ever alcohol user × current chewer × current smoker	4.45	2.13–9.30	<0.001
Self-reported diabetes
No	1.00			1.00
Yes	2.15	1.69–3.46	<0.001	1.55	1.01–2.36	0.04
Self-reported hypertension
No	1.00			1.00
Yes	2.58	1.86–3.57	<0.001	1.77	1.20–2.60	0.004
Overweight/obese
No	1.00
Yes	0.83	0.67–1.03	0.09
Abdominal obesity
No	1.00
Yes	1.01	0.82–1.25	0.94