Table I.
Characteristics of males who were circumcised and actively followed-up post-circumcision in Nyanza, Kenya between 2008–2010
| Subject Characteristic | Total (%) | Attended follow-up | Did not attend follow-up | Wald χ2 (p-value) | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=1437a (100) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Age (years): median (IQR) | 20 (7) | - | - | 7.03 (<0.01) | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) |
| Educational background | |||||
| None (ref) | 167 (11.6) | 80 (47.9) | 87 (52.1) | - | - |
| Primary | 709 (49.3) | 316 (44.6) | 393 (55.4) | 1.03 (0.31) | 1.14 (0.82, 1.60) |
| Secondary | 445 (31.0) | 225 (50.6) | 220 (49.4) | 2.57 (0.11) | 0.90 (0.63, 1.28) |
| Postsecondary | 116 (8.1) | 51 (44.0) | 65 (56.0) | 0.57 (0.45) | 1.17 (0.73, 1.89) |
| Employment status | |||||
| Unemployed (ref) | 951 (66.2) | 424 (44.6) | 527 (55.4) | - | - |
| Employed | 486 (33.8) | 248 (51.0) | 238 (49.0) | 5.36 (0.02) | 0.77 (0.62, 0.96) |
| Employment type | |||||
| Unemployed (ref) | 951 (66.2) | 424 (44.6) | 527 (55.4) | - | - |
| Self-employed | 361 (25.1) | 185 (51.3) | 176 (48.8) | 1.13 (0.29) | 0.77 (0.60, 0.98) |
| Salaried | 125 (8.7) | 63 (50.4) | 62 (49.6) | 0.28 (0.60) | 0.79 (0.55, 1.15) |
| Income in Kenyan shillings (USD) | |||||
| None (ref) | 249 (17.3) | 111 (45.1) | 135 (54.9) | - | - |
| 1–2,000 ($0.01–$27.82) | 706 (49.1) | 315 (44.6) | 392 (55.5) | 3.05 (0.08) | 1.02 (0.76, 1.37) |
| 2,001–9,999 ($27.83–$139.06) | 370 (25.8) | 187 (50.1) | 186 (49.9) | 0.60 (0.44) | 0.82 (0.59, 1.13) |
| ≥ 10,000 (≥$139.07) | 112 (7.8) | 59 (53.2) | 52 (46.9) | 1.73 (0.19) | 0.73 (0.46, 1.14) |
| Religion | |||||
| Catholic (ref) | 415 (28.9) | 204 (49.2) | 211 (50.8) | - | - |
| Protestant | 924 (64.3) | 416 (45.0) | 508 (55.0) | <0.01 (0.97) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.01) |
| Other | 98 (6.8) | 52 (53.1) | 46 (46.9) | 1.29 (0.26) | 0.72 (0.48, 1.10) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Not married (ref) | 1109 (77.2) | 513 (46.3) | 596 (53.7) | - | |
| Married | 328 (22.8) | 159 (48.5) | 169 (51.5) | 0.50 (0.48) | 0.92 (0.72, 1.17) |
| Live-in partner | |||||
| No (ref) | 985 (68.6) | 476 (48.3) | 509 (51.7) | - | |
| Yes | 452 (31.5) | 196 (43.4) | 256 (56.6) | 3.06 (0.08) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.53) |
| HIV status | |||||
| Negative (ref) | 517 (36.0) | 244 (47.2) | 273 (52.8) | - | - |
| Positive | 41 (2.9) | 22 (53.7) | 19 (46.3) | 0.64 (0.43) | 0.77 (0.41, 1.46) |
| Unknown | 879 (61.2) | 406 (46.2) | 473 (53.8) | 0.13 (0.72) | 1.04 (0.84, 1.30) |
| District of residence | |||||
| Kisumu East (ref) | 181 (12.6) | 93 (51.4) | 88 (48.6) | - | - |
| Kisumu West | 404 (28.1) | 171 (42.3) | 233 (57.7) | 4.12 (0.04) | 1.44 (1.01, 2.05) |
| Nyando | 766 (53.3) | 366 (47.8) | 400 (52.2) | 0.76 (0.38) | 1.16 (0.84, 1.60) |
| Other | 86 (6.0) | 42 (48.8) | 44 (51.2) | 0.15 (0.70) | 1.11 (0.66, 1.85) |
| Facility type used | |||||
| Fixed (ref) | 690 (48.0) | 362 (52.5) | 328 (47.5) | - | - |
| Mobile | 747 (52.0) | 310 (41.5) | 437 (58.5) | 17.25 (<0.01) | 0.64 (0.52, 0.79) |
| Provider type seena | |||||
| Clinician (ref) | 1010 (70.3) | 490 (48.5) | 520 (51.5) | - | - |
| Nurse | 427 (29.7) | 182 (42.6) | 245 (57.4) | 4.18 (0.04) | 1.27 (1.01, 1.59) |
| District of facility used | |||||
| Kisumu East (ref) | 187 (13.0) | 94 (50.3) | 93 (49.7) | - | - |
| Kisumu West | 443 (30.8) | 182 (41.1) | 261 (58.9) | 4.49 (0.03) | 1.45 (1.03, 2.04) |
| Nyando | 807 (56.2) | 396 (49.1) | 411 (50.9) | 0.09 (0.77) | 1.05 (0.76, 1.44) |
| Distance from home to utilized facility | |||||
| 0–1 km (ref) | 304 (21.2) | 160 (52.6) | 144 (47.4) | - | - |
| 1.01–3 km | 420 (29.2) | 202 (48.1) | 218 (51.9) | 1.45 (0.23) | 1.20 (0.89, 1.61) |
| 3.01–5 km | 335 (23.3) | 162 (48.4) | 173 (51.6) | 1.16 (0.28) | 1.19 (0.87, 1.62) |
| 5.01–10 km | 274 (19.1) | 111 (40.5) | 163 (59.5) | 8.46 (<0.01) | 1.63 (1.17, 2.27) |
| >10 km | 104 (7.2) | 37 (35.6) | 67 (64.4) | 8.86 (<0.01) | 2.01 (1.27, 3.19) |
| Self-reported travel time (minutes)b | |||||
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 15–30 (15–30, 30–60) | - | - | - | - |
| Number of modes of transport usedb | |||||
| Mean (standard deviation) | 1.28 (0.46) | - | - | - | - |
a
There were 12 participants excluded from analyses, as they were seen by ‘Other’ provider types including students, laboratory technicians and local anesthesiologists
b
Not investigated as a covariate; rather this variable used to determine if correlated with distance