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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 8.
Published in final edited form as: Immunol Rev. 2013 Jul;254(1):170–189. doi: 10.1111/imr.12082

Fig. 3. The contrary roles of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in HIV-1 infection.

Fig. 3

HIV-1 stimulates pDCs to produce interferonα, which has antiviral functions, but persistent secretion also contributes to immune activation. HIV-1 induces pDCs to secrete IDO, which directs the formation of Tregs. Tregs have a dual role in dampening both immune activation but also myeloid DC activation and HIV-specific effector T-cell responses.