Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies in the systematic review.
| Study (year) | Design | Species | Outcome measurement | Duration of treatment | Sample size | Study arms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prediabetes | ||||||
| Akhiruddin (2013) | Single-binded cross-over | Hylocereus polyrhizus | FPG | 4 weeks | 36 | Mainly divided into PT and PC groups - PT group (n = 18) was subdivided into PT3, PT4, PT5 (n = 6/group) - PC group (n = 18) was subdivided into PC3, PC4, PC5 (n = 6/group) |
| Type 2 Diabetes | ||||||
| Hadi (2012) | Non-blinded, Parallel | Hylocereus polyrhizus | FPG | 4 weeks | 28 (7:7:7:7) | Group 1: 400 g red dragon fruit/day Group 2: 600 g red dragon fruit/day Group 3: No treatment Group 4: Healthy subjects, no treatment |
| Hapsari (2015) |
Non-blinded, Parallel | Hylocereus costaricensis | FPG | 15 days | 30 (15:15) | Group 1: 180 g red dragon fruit/day Group 2: No treatment |
| Wiardani et al. (2014) | Non-blinded, Parallel | Hylocereus polyrhizus | 2HPP | 10 days | 51 (17:17:17) | Group 1: 100 g red dragon fruit juice/day Group 2: 200 g red dragon fruit juice/day Group 3: No treatment |
Abbreviation: BMI = Body mass index, DBP = Diastolic blood pressure, FPG = Fasting plasma glucose, PT = Prediabetic treatment, PC = Prediabetic control, PT3 = 3 sachets or 60 g of red pitaya powder (RPP) drink/day, PT4 = 4 sachets or 80 g of RPP drink/day, PT5 = 5 sachets or 100 g of RPP drink/day, SBP = Systolic blood pressure, 2HPP = 2 hours post-prandial glucose