Table 3. Characteristics of children with rash illness.
| Case No. | Sex / Age (months) | Presentation of rash | Concurrent illness(es) | Sample(s) positive for HPeV | HPeV type | Coinfections | HHV-6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 | M / 12 | Itchy blanchable maculopapular rash over back, spread to trunk, forearms and feet. | GE | Stool | HPeV1 | EV/Rhino, non-typhiodal Salmonella spp. | Not detected from NPA* | |
| 24 | M / 7 | Mild fine blanchable maculopapular rash over face, trunk, and right scrotum, sparing limbs. Developed after fever subsided. Clinically considered as roseola. | GE, URTI | Stool | HPeV4 | - | Not detected from NPA* | |
| 27 | F / 9 | Maculopapular rash over face and body. Developed after fever subsided. Clinically considered as roseola. | GE, URTI | Stool | HPeV1 | - | Not detected from NPA* | |
| 34 | F / 19 | Maculopapular rash over buttock and hands, with fever for 3 days. | GE, URTI | Stool | HPeV1 | Parainfluenza virus-1 | Detected from NPA* | |
| 43 | M / 6 | A few spots of rash over back, face and neck, with fever for 9 days. | GE, URTI | Stool | HPeV4 | EV/Rhino, non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. | Not detected from NPA* | |
| 49 | M / 10 | Generalized whole body maculopapular rash, with fever for 2 days. | GE, URTI | Stool | HPeV1 | - | Not detected from NPA* | |
| 50 | M / 16 | Maculopapular rash over trunk after fever subsided. Clinically considered as roseola. | GE | Stool | typing failed | - | Not tested, only stool sample available | |
| 51 | F / 3 | Eczematous rash over chest, with fever. | GE, bronchiolitis | Stool | HPeV1 | Respiratory syncytial virus | Not detected from NPA* | |
| 57 | M / 20 | Blanchable macular rash over forehead, erythematous periorbital swelling, with fever. | URTI | Stool, blood | HPeV4 | - | Detected from blood | |
| 58 | M / 11 | Generalized maculopapular rash. Developed after fever subsided. Clinically considered as roseola. | URTI | Stool, NPA | HPeV1 | - | Detected from NPA* | |
| 67 | F / 20 | Itchy rash over trunk and spread to limbs and scalp, weeping, crusting, peeling and sandpaper-like. Features of cellulitis. No fever. | - | Rectal swab | HPeV4 | Staphylococcus aureus from skin swab | Not detected from blood | |
| 68 | M / 8 | Eczematous rash, with fever. | GE, croup, pneumonia | Stool | HPeV4 | - | Not detected from NPA* | |
| 76 | F / 7 | A few patches of maculopapular rash over right hand only, no fever. | GE, URTI | Stool | HPeV4 | Norovirus, EV/Rhino | Not detected from NPA* | |
| 77 | F / 7 | On and off skin rash, faint scattered spots over face and trunk. | GE | Stool, NPA | HPeV1 | Norovirus | Not detected from blood | |
| 81 | M / 16 | Mild generalized erythematous patches, with fever. | GE, bronchiolitis | NPA | HPeV1 | - | Not detected from NPA* | |
| 87 | F / 10 | Maculopapular rash over trunk. Developed after fever subsided. Clinically considered as roseola. | URTI | Stool, NPA | HPeV1 | Parainfluenza virus-1 | Not detected from NPA* | |
HPeV: human parechovirus, NPA: nasopharyngeal aspirate, GE: acute gastroenteritis, URTI: upper respiratory tract illness, HHV-6: human herpesvirus type 6 detection by PCR, EV/Rhino: the PCR assay performed on respiratory samples does not differentiate between enterovirus and rhinovirus.
*Serum sample not available.