Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for study participants, stratified by pericardial fat quartile. Values are median (interquartile range) or n (%). Nonparametric tests (continuous values) or chi-square testing (categorical values) were used to determine P values. Abbreviations: HU = Hounsfield unit; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; BP = blood pressure; BMI = body mass index; HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; PAI = plasminogen activator inhibitor.
| Quartile 1 (4.15 to 29.28 cm3/m) |
Quartile 2 (29.29 to 41.46 cm3/m) |
Quartile 3 (41.46 to 56.80 cm3/m) |
Quartile 4 (56.81 to 194.38 cm3/m) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | N=1058 | N=1059 | N=1059 | N=1058 | P-Value All Quartiles | P-Value Q1 vs. Q4 |
| Age, yrs | 55 (49–65) | 59 (52–68) | 63 (55–70) | 65 (57–72) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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| Male | 398 (20%) | 459 (23%) | 497 (25%) | 657 (33%) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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| Race/ethnicity | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| White, Caucasian | 367 (24%) | 330 (22%) | 359 (24%) | 448 (30%) | ||
| Chinese American | 113 (19%) | 172 (30%) | 164 (28%) | 131 (23%) | ||
| Black, African-American | 429 (36%) | 326 (28%) | 271 (23%) | 152 (13%) | ||
| Hispanic | 149 (15%) | 231 (24%) | 265 (27%) | 327 (34%) | ||
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| Smoking status | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| Never | 598 (27%) | 575 (26%) | 586 (26%) | 494 (22%) | ||
| Former | 316 (22%) | 351 (24%) | 349 (24%) | 434 (30%) | ||
| Current | 140 (27%) | 131 (25%) | 122 (23%) | 127 (24%) | ||
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| Glycemic control | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| Normoglycemia | 914 (29%) | 846 (27%) | 757 (24%) | 638 (20%) | ||
| Impaired fasting glucose | 62 (11%) | 104 (19%) | 156 (28%) | 228 (41%) | ||
| Untreated diabetes | 11 (10%) | 22 (20%) | 38 (34%) | 41 (37%) | ||
| Treated diabetes | 66 (16%) | 85 (21%) | 106 (26%) | 148 (37%) | ||
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| Metabolic syndrome component | ||||||
| Waist circumference, cm | 86.9 (80.0–94.5) | 93.7 (86.5–100.8) | 98.9 (91.7–106.5) | 105.0 (97.7–113.2) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 86 (63–121) | 107 (78–152) | 119 (84–169) | 143 (100–197) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| HDL, mg/dl | 55 (45–67) | 50 (42–59) | 47 (40–56) | 43 (37–51) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 117 (105–133) | 122 (109–138) | 124 (113–139) | 129 (116–144) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 84 (79–91) | 88 (82–96) | 91 (84–100) | 95 (87–108) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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| Weight, kg | 69.2 (60.2–78.9) | 73.1 (63.6–83.7) | 78.2 (67.7–89.3) | 85.4 (74.5–96.8) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6 (22.5–27.4) | 26.4 (23.8–29.4) | 28.0 (25.5–31.2) | 30.1 (27.3–33.6) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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| Waist to hip ratio | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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| Fasting insulin, mU/L | 6.3 (4.9–8.6) | 7.4 (5.8–10.3) | 8.8 (6.4–12.4) | 11.1 (8.0–15.5) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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| HOMA-IR | 1.3 (1.0–2.0) | 1.6 (1.2–2.4) | 2.0 (1.4–3.0) | 2.7 (1.9–3.9) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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| Cholesterol, mg/dl | 191 (170–214) | 194 (173–218) | 193 (170–217) | 191 (171–214) | 0.04 | 0.34 |
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| LDL, mg/dl | 114 (94–134) | 119 (99–139) | 118 (98–139) | 115 (96–136) | <0.01 | 0.04 |
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| Taking hypertension medication | 262 (18%) | 315 (21%) | 418 (28%) | 478 (32%) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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| Taking statins | 97 (16%) | 150 (24%) | 173 (28%) | 197 (32%) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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| Urine albumin-creatinine ratio, mg/g | 4.5 (3.0–7.8) | 5.0 (3.1–9.7) | 5.6 (3.6–10.9) | 6.2 (3.7–14.6) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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| Inflammatory biomarkers | ||||||
| C-reactive protein, mg/l | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | 1.6 (0.7–3.9) | 2.2 (0.9–4.8) | 2.4 (1.1–4.7) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Fibrinogen antigen, mg/dl | 321 (286–374) | 331 (291–380) | 341 (297–391) | 351 (309–398) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Interleukin-6, pg/ml | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 1.4 (1.0–2.2) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Oxidized LDL, mg/dl (N=667) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.3) | 0.01 | <0.01 |
| PAI-1, ng/ml (N=647) | 11.0 (6.0–19.0) | 17.0 (9.0–30.5) | 21.5 (10.0–37.0) | 30.0 (18.0–49.0) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α, pg/ml (N=1867) | 1157 (1007–1353) | 1232 (1070–1429) | 1291 (1109–1525) | 1420 (1230–1684) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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| Liver attenuation (Hounsfield units) | 64.0 (60.0–68.5) | 63.0 (57.5–68.0) | 60.5 (54.0–66.5) | 58.5 (49.0–64.5) | <0.01 | <0.01 |