Table 4.

Modeling Results for Cross-Level Interactions of Level 1 Cognitive Predictors of On-Task Thought (Versus Mind Wandering) With Level 2 Cognitive Constructs From the Laboratory (Each Tested Individually)

Predictor	Working memory capacity			Attention-restraint failures			Attention-constraint failures			Lab TUT rate
	b	z	p	b	z	p	b	z	p	b	z	p
Concentration	0.17 [0.07, 0.27]	3.39	.001	−0.14 [−0.21, −0.07]	−3.77	< .001	−0.20 [−0.36, −0.05]	−2.59	.010	−0.14[−0.24, −0.05]	−3.00	.003
Happy	−0.00 [−0.07, 0.06]	−0.12	> .250	0.00 [−0.05, 0.05]	0.06	> .250	−0.02 [−0.12, 0.09]	−0.35	> .250	0.05 [−0.02, 0.11]	1.45	.148
Confused	0.01 [−0.05, 0.08]	0.37	> .250	0.00 [−0.05, 0.05]	0.12	> .250	0.05 [−0.05, 0.15]	0.97	> .250	−0.04 [−0.10, 0.02]	−1.25	.212
Irritable	0.04 [−0.02, 0.09]	1.28	.202	−0.00 [−0.05, 0.04]	−0.16	> .250	0.07 [−0.02, 0.17]	1.53	.126	−0.03 [−0.09, 0.03]	−1.12	> .250
Safe	−0.06 [−0.13, 0.01]	−1.62	.106	0.04 [−0.02, 0.10]	1.36	.173	−0.01 [−0.14, 0.12]	−0.15	> .250	0.01 [−0.06, 0.08]	0.23	> .250
Anxious	0.03 [−0.03, 0.09]	1.05	> .250	−0.01 [−0.06, 0.03]	−0.51	> .250	0.01 [−0.08, 0.11]	0.24	> .250	−0.05 [−0.12, 0.01]	−1.67	.095
Tired	0.00 [−0.05, 0.05]	0.08	> .250	0.02 [−0.02, 0.05]	0.76	> .250	0.03 [−0.06, 0.11]	0.66	> .250	−0.01 [−0.05, 0.04]	−0.27	> .250
Sad	−0.01 [−0.08, 0.06]	−0.33	> .250	0.04 [−0.02, 0.09]	1.25	.210	0.11 [0.00, 0.23]	1.95	.051	−0.02 [−0.09, 0.05]	−0.60	> .250
Strange perception	−0.05 [−0.14, 0.04]	−1.16	.244	0.06 [−0.02, 0.14]	1.44	.149	0.24 [0.07, 0.41]	2.74	.006	0.03 [−0.08, 0.13]	0.50	> .250
Preferred activity	−0.01 [−0.07, 0.05]	−0.33	> .250	−0.02 [−0.07, 0.02]	−1.11	> .250	−0.03 [−0.13, 0.06]	−0.71	> .250	−0.04 [−0.09, 0.02]	−1.34	.179
Effortful activity	0.03 [−0.04, 0.09]	0.88	> .250	−0.02 [−0.07, 0.03]	−0.70	> .250	0.06 [−0.04, 0.16]	1.14	> .250	0.02 [−0.04, 0.08]	0.69	> .250
Boring activity	0.02 [−0.03, 0.06]	0.67	> .250	−0.00 [−0.04, 0.03]	−0.07	> .250	−0.02 [−0.10, 0.06]	−0.53	> .250	0.00 [−0.04, 0.05]	0.15	> .250
Successful activity	−0.03 [−0.08, 0.03]	−0.87	> .250	−0.03 [−0.07, 0.01]	−1.43	.153	−0.04 [−0.13, 0.05]	−0.87	> .250	−0.04 [−0.11, 0.02]	−1.33	.183
Not alone	−0.10 [−0.31, 0.12]	−0.89	> .250	−0.01 [−0.18, 0.17]	−0.07	> .250	−0.21 [−0.57, 0.16]	−1.12	> .250	0.08 [−0.11, 0.27]	0.81	> .250
Stressful situation	0.01 [−0.04, 0.07]	0.42	> .250	0.01 [−0.04, 0.06]	0.44	> .250	0.08 [−0.02, 0.18]	1.66	.097	−0.00 [−0.06, 0.06]	−0.04	> .250
Positive situation	0.03 [−0.04, 0.10]	0.93	> .250	−0.05 [−0.09, 0.00]	−1.89	.059	−0.08 [−0.17, 0.02]	−1.58	.113	0.02 [−0.04, 0.08]	0.74	> .250

Note: For the outcome variable, a higher score indicated more on-task thought and a lower score indicated more mind wandering. Values inside brackets are 95% confidence intervals. Significant effects (p < .05 for the analyses listed in the first paragraph of the Results section, p < .005 for all other analyses) are highlighted in boldface. TUT = task-unrelated thought.