Table 4.

Characteristics of included studies for information-giving (n=6 findings, 6 unique papers).

Author (year)	Sample size, (% female, % black; mean/mdn/mode age)	Patient population	Study design; Study methods	Race variable analyzed	Communication operationalization ; Measured by; Measurement	Main findings
Observational (n = 3)
Beach et al. (2011) [18]	N= 346 (37.0% female, 71.1% black, M=45.5, SD=9.5)	HIV/AIDS	Cross-sectional Observational	Race of patient	Information giving Observer rating (recorded interaction) RIAS	There was no significant association between race and information-giving.
Gordon et al. (2005) [20]	N = 93 (NR, 19% black, M=60.3, SD=10.3)	Heart disease	Cross-sectional Observational	Race of patient	Information giving Observer-rating (recorded interaction) Coding system	Physicians engaged in less total information-giving (p=.06) and initiated information-giving (p=.003) to black than to white patients. No significant differences were found for prompted information given.
Gordon et al. (2006) [21]	N = 137 (3.3% female, 22% black, Mo Range = 65+)	Cancer	Cross-sectional; Observational	Race of patient	Information-giving Observer-rating (recorded interaction) RIAS	Compared with white patients, consultations with black patients had fewer doctors’ information-giving utterances (49.3 vs. 87.3, p < .001). Doctors’ information-giving was not statistically different among consultations with black and white patients. Both prompted and self-initiated doctors’ information-giving statements were less frequent in consultations with black patients compared with white patients (p <.05).
Patient reported (n = 3)
Gordon et al. (2006) [47]	N = 103 (4% female, 22% black, M=65, SD=11)	Cancer	Cross-sectional Survey-based	Race of patient Racial concordance	Information-giving Patient self-report Ever (by doctor)	Black patients reported their physicians shared less information than white patients reported (M= 7.3 vs. 8.5, p = .03). Patients in black discordant and white discordant visits perceived that their physicians shared less information compared with patients in white concordant visits (p<.05).
Leyva et al. (2015) [19]	N = 811 (0% female, 9.6% black, Mo Range = 50–74)	Not specified	Cross-sectional Survey-based	Race of patient	Information giving Patient-self report Ever (by Doctor)	Non-Hispanic black men were less likely to report that an option to choose whether or not to have PSA testing had been presented to them (OR=0.42, 95% CI 0.18–0.98), compared with non-Hispanic White men. Non-Hispanic black men were less likely to report being informed that no one is sure if using the PSA test actually save lives (OR=0.22, 95% CI 0.05–0.93) than were non-Hispanic White men.
Manfredi et al. (2010) [38]	N = 492 (61.4% females, 49.6% black, Mo Range = 50–64)	Cancer	Cross-sectional Survey-based	Race of patient	Information-giving Patient self-report 4-item scale	Black patients reported significantly more unmet information needs and lower satisfaction with information given than whites (p<.05).