Table 3.

Overview of literature with laboratory evaluation

	Laboratory Evaluation	Findings
Kitagawa et al. (2005) [22]	5 surgeons: suture ties with different materials for manual tying and no-feedback, auditory, visual, and audiovisual displays	Suture tie tension consistency using visual and audiovisual displays superior to hand ties; consistency of tie tension using auditory display comparable to hand ties
Willems et al. (2005) [39]	5 surgeons: volume resection on floral foam phantoms using auditory display and standard visual navigation.	Auditory display increased similarity of the resected to target volume, reduced the amount of target tissue not removed, increased amount of non-target tissue removed
Woerdeman et al. (2009) [40]	4 surgeons: volume resection using auditory, conventional display, and heads-up display	Similar task completion time and target volume removal. Auditory display subjectively preferred over conventional display by improving time spent viewing phantom
Strauss et al. (2010) [34]	5 surgeons: reported and actual distance to structures with using conventional and combined audiovisual display	Audiovisual display improved reported accuracy over conventional display.
Voormolen et al. (2012) [35]	5 surgeons: bone drilling in phantoms, comparing combined audiovisual display and conventional display	Less critical structures hit when using audiovisual display. Improved subjective orientation and tumor exposure
Cho et al. (2013) [9]	1 surgeon: bone drilling with and without audiovisual display	Facial nerve was hit less using audiovisual display, greater uniformity of safe margin in resection
Hansen et al. (2013) [17]	12 surgeons: resection line marking with audiovisual and conventional navigation display.	Audiovisual display reduced the percent of time viewing the screen, increased accuracy of the marking task, and increased task completion time.
Dixon et al. (2014) [12]	7 surgeons: dissection and clivus ablation with and without audiovisual display	Using the audiovisual display reduced perceived workload scores for mental demand, effort, and frustration.
Bork et al. (2015) [5]	15 participants: lesion targeting with simple overlay, auditory feedback, visual feedback, and audiovisual feedback.	Audiovisual feedback resulted in most target hits and least localization error. Auditory, visual, and audiovisual more accurate, slower than simple overlay. Audiovisual display outperformed auditory and visual display in accuracy, task completion time, and number of lesions hit.