Table 1.

Comparison of graphene reduction by different biological reducing agents.

Bio-reducing Material	Reduction Condition	ID/IG ratio	Doping	Reference
Amino Acid
L-Glutathione	50 °C, 6 h	—	—	39
L-Cysteine	NaOH, RT, 72 h	1.17	Adsorbed	37
Glycine	95 °C, 36 h	1.09	N-doped	41
L-Lysine	95 °C, 9 h	1.11	N-doped	42
Microorganisms
Shewanella	Anaerobic, 72 h/Aerobic, 60 h	—	Adsorbed	41, 44
E. coli	37 °C, 48 h	0.97	—	21
Plant Extracts
Tea polyphenols	90 °C, 2.5 h	—	Adsorbed	45
R. damascena	95 °C, 5.5 h	1.09	Adsorbed	46
β carotene	95 °C, 24 h.	1.01	—	47
Proteins
Bovine serum albumin	NaOH, 55–90 °C, 3–24 h	—	Adsorbed	20
Hormone (Melatonin)	NH3, 80 °C, 3 h	—	Adsorbed	48
Thermostable Peptide (Nisin)	121 °C, 15 min	1.22	Adsorbed	This work