Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2017 Sep 8;7:10979. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10489-6

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam decrease bumble bee survival at field relevant levels. Bumble bees were provided untreated honey-water or honey- water containing 312.5 pg/µl, 15.6 pg/µl, 0.78 pg/µl and 0.039 pg/µl acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin for 14 days in cage trials. As a conservative estimate, all calculations were done using the highest consumption rate or 120 µl. Cages were assessed daily for the number of bees alive in a cage, the number of bees exhibiting symptoms, the type of symptoms, and the duration or outcome of the symptoms. The average values and standard errors are provided for each concentration applied. The data were collected from 6 independent experiments and expressed as proportion of bees alive. The four neonicotinoids are highlighted as follows: acetamiprid (blue triangle), clothianidin (red diamond), imidacloprid (green square) and thiamethoxam (purple circle). The top graph indicates the bee survival without non-lethal endpoints added while the bottom graph indicates the bee survival with non-lethal endpoints added.