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. 2017 Sep 8;7:10979. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10489-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Neonicotinoids slightly decrease summer honey bee survival at field relevant levels. Honey bees were provided untreated honey-water or honey- water containing 312.5 pg/µl, 15.6 pg/µl, 0.78 pg/µl and 0.039 pg/µl acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam for 14 days in cage trials. As a conservative estimate, all calculations were done using the highest consumption rate or 66 µl. Cages were assessed daily for the number of bees alive in a cage, the number of bees exhibiting symptoms, the type of symptoms, and the duration or outcome of the symptoms. The average values and standard errors are provided for each concentration applied. The data were collected from 6 independent experiments and expressed as the proportion of bees alive. The four neonicotinoids are highlighted as follows: acetamiprid (blue triangle), clothianidin (red diamond), imidacloprid (green square) and thiamethoxam (purple circle).