Table 2.

Time-based neurological symptoms observed in bees after exposure to neonicotinoids.

Onset Time	Behavioral assessment	Neurological symptom
Acute early-onset (minutes to 24 hr)	adults were considered paralyzed when they fell to the floor of the cage and remained immobile after being touched or handled	paralysis
Acute	visual	tremor, excessive grooming, proboscis extension
Acute	presence of salivary droplets or “spitting” bees	salivation
Acute	honey sac contents extruded	vomiting
Acute	movements and bee placement within the cage “straight rows or clusters”	slow to no movement
Acute	the impaired bee was picked up with tweezers and dropped to see if they resumed a normal stance or activities	no righting behavior
Acute and delayed late-onset (3–10 days)	time in motion	hyperactivity
Delayed	bees under the filter paper and do not leave that area for food or as part of daily movements	“lost” orientation
Delayed	wing placement righting behavior (see above) leg placement movement (abnormal gait)	ataxia