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. 2017 Sep 8;7:11006. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11212-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Gal-1 induces PDGF- and TGF-β-like signals through the NRP-1/PDGF receptor (PDGFR) and NRP-1/TGF-β receptor (TGF-βR) complex. (A) Gal-1 induced PDGF and TGF-β-like signaling in Gal-1 silencing cells (LX-2-shB09 cells). (B) Knockdown of NRP-1 suppressed Gal-1-induced signaling. LX-2 cells were serum-starved for 24 h followed by Gal-1 (500 nM) treatment for 10 min. The cell lysate was collected for Western blotting. (C) Sorafenib and SIS3 (a tyrosine kinase and a TGF-βR inhibitor) suppressed Gal-1-induced hepatic stellate cell (HSC) migration. For the migration assay, LX-2 cells were pretreated with sorafenib and SIS3 for 1 h. Then, cells were suspended and seeded into a transwell. After incubation for 24 h, migrated cells were counted, and results are presented as the mean ±SEM of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05. (D) Knockdown of PDGFRβ suppressed Gal-1-induced hepatic stellate cell (HSC) migration. LX-2 cells were transfected with control (si-C) and PDGFRβ siRNA (si-PDGFRβ). The cells were treated with Gal-1 and the migration ability was measured.