Table 2.
Prognostic factor | Phase | Evidence | Level of evidence |
---|---|---|---|
Clinical prognostic factors | |||
Sex | Chronic | 2H, 1 M, 1L | Moderate for negative association with male sex |
Subacute | 2H, 1 M, 1 M | Strong for no association | |
Age | Chronic | 2H, 1H, 2 M, 2L, 1L | Moderate for negative association |
Subacute | 1H, 1 M | Moderate for negative association | |
Comorbidity | Chronic | 1 M | Insufficient |
Diagnosis | Chronic | 1L | Insufficient |
Radiating | Subacute | 1H | Moderate for no association |
Pain Intensity | Chronic | 1H, 2 M, 2L | Moderate for negative association |
Subacute | 2H, 1 M | Strong for no association | |
Functional status | Chronic | 2 M, 1L | Moderate for negative association |
Subacute | 2H, 2 M | Strong for no association | |
Functional status-FCE | Chronic | 1H, 1 M, 2L | Moderate for positive association |
Subacute | 2 M (2 cohorts, one publication) | Moderate for positive association | |
Pain observation | Subacute | 1 M | Insufficient |
Delay in referral | Chronic | 4H, 1L | Strong for negative association |
Intervention | Chronic | 1 M, 1H | Moderate for positive association |
Subacute | 1H, 2 M | Moderate for positive association | |
Health | Chronic | 2 M, 1L | Moderate for positive association |
Subacute | 1 M | Insufficient | |
Lifestyle | Chronic | 1L | Insufficient |
Psychosocial prognostic factors | |||
Expectation of RTW | Chronic | 2 M, 1L | Insufficient |
Subacute | 1H, 1 M | Moderate for positive association | |
Fear avoidance/Pain catastrophising/Cognitive appraisal/Coping | Chronic | 1H, 1 M,1L | Moderate evidence for negative association* |
Subacute | 1H, 1 M | Moderate evidence for negative association* | |
Distress | Subacute | 1H | Insufficient |
Depression | Chronic | 1H, 1L | Moderate for no association |
Mental Health | Chronic | 2L, 2L | Insufficient |
Social workplace prognostic factors | |||
SES | Chronic | 2H, 1 M,1L | Strong evidence for positive association |
Subacute | 1H | Insufficient | |
Physical demands | Chronic | 1H, 1 M | Moderate evidence for positive association |
Subacute | 1H | Insufficient | |
Modified duties | Chronic | 1 M | Insufficient |
Social support | Chronic | 1H | Insufficient |
Subacute | 1 M | Insufficient | |
Job satisfaction | Chronic | 1 M | Insufficient |
Attorney involvement | Chronic | 2H | Strong evidence for negative association |
Worker’s compensation | Chronic | 2H, 1 M, 1L | Strong evidence for negative association |
H High quality, M Moderate quality, L Low quality, SES Socio economic status, *Heterogeneity in measures