Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of analyzed 993 cases and 2359 controls in the LUCAS studya
| Characteristics | Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (std. dev.) | 66 (7) | 66 (7) | p = 0.124 |
| Questionnaire answered by | |||
| Participant | 68 (7) | 1118 (47) | p = 0.000 |
| Next of kin | 925 (93) | 1241 (53) | |
| Smoking status (gm/day) | |||
| Never | 36 (3) | 705 (30) | p = 0.000 |
| Former | 273 (26) | 844 (36) | |
| Current 1–10 | 143 (14) | 313 (13) | |
| Current 11–20 | 348 (33) | 363 (15) | |
| Current >20 | 242 (23) | 139 (6) | |
| Average grams of tobacco/day among current smokers | 18 | 14 | p = 0.000 |
| Average years since quitting smoking among former smokers | 10 | 18 | p = 0.000 |
| Occupational exposure to asbestos | |||
| Never | 794 (80) | 2020 (86) | p = 0.000 |
| Ever | 199 (20) | 339 (14) | |
| Residential exposure to radon | |||
| Low | 502 (51) | 1172 (50) | p = 0.645 |
| High | 491 (49) | 1187 (50) | |
| Occupational exposure to diesel motor exhaust | |||
| Never | 766 (77) | 1929 (82) | p = 0.002 |
| Ever | 227 (23) | 430 (18) | |
| Occupational exposure to combustion products (other than motor exhaust) | |||
| Never | 784 (79) | 1974 (84) | p = 0.001 |
| Ever | 209 (21) | 385 (16) | |
| Air pollution from road traffic | |||
| Low | 877 (88) | 2138 (91) | p = 0.042 |
| High | 116 (12) | 221 (9) | |
Bold values indicate tests for trend were 2-tailed and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05
aRestricted to participants with data on age group, year of study inclusion, tobacco smoking, occupational exposure to asbestos, occupational exposure to elemental carbon, occupational exposure to combustion products (other than motor exhaust), air pollution from road traffic and residential radon