Table 3.

Outcomes of major randomized, placebo-controlled trials in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction

Trial	β-Blocker	N	Mean duration	EF	Primary endpoints	Main outcomes
CIBIS-II [15]	Bisoprolol	2647	1.3 years	≤35%	All-cause mortality	11.8 vs. 17.3% (HR 0.66; p < 0.0001)
					Sudden death	3.6 vs. 6.3% (HR 0.56; p = 0.0011)
COPERNICUS [16]	Carvedilol	2289	10.4 months	<25%	Combined risk of death or hospitalization for CV reasons	Cumulative risk 41.6 vs. 30.2% (p = 0.00002)
					Combined risk of death or hospitalization for HF	Cumulative risk 37.9 vs. 25.5% (p = 0.000004)
MERIT-HF [17]	Metoprolol	3991	1 year	≤40%	Combined total mortality or all-cause hospitalization	Risk reduction 19% (p < 0.001)
SENIORS [18]	Nebivolol	2128	21 months	≤35% in 65% of pts; >35% in 35% of pts	Death or hospitalization for CV reasons	31.1 vs. 35.3% (HR 0.86; p = 0.039)
					All-cause mortality	15.8 vs. 18.1% (HR 0.88; p = 0.21)

CV cardiovascular, EF ejection fraction, HF heart failure, HR hazard ratio, pts patients