Table 2.

Effects of bacterial effectors on mucin.

Bacteria		Effector	Target	Effect on mucin	References
Campylobacter jejuni			Distal colonic biopsies	Increased expression of MUC1	Linden et al., 2008
Clostridium difficile			Distal colonic biopsies	Increased expression of MUC1	Linden et al., 2008
		ToxA	HT-29 cells	Decrease of mucin exocytosis	Kelly et al., 1994; Branka et al., 1997
E. coli	EAEC	Secreted protein Pic	Hog gastric, bovine sub-maxillary and crude mouse large intestine mucin	Mucinase activity / Degradation	Henderson et al., 1999; Harrington et al., 2009
			Goblet cells	Secretagogue activity/Hypersecretion	Navarro-Garcia et al., 2010
	ETEC	Secreted EatA	Purified MUC2	Degradation of MUC2	Kumar et al., 2014
	AIEC (LF82)		T84 cells	Diminished expression of MUC2 and MUC5A	Elatrech et al., 2015
	EHEC (O157:H7)	Adhesion	HT-29 cells	Increased expression of MUC2	Xue et al., 2014
Lacto-bacillus	plantarum 299v		HT-29 cells	Increased MUC2 secretion	Mack et al., 1999
	rhamnosus GG		HT-29 cells	Increased MUC2 secretion	Mack et al., 1999
	casei GG		Caco-2 cells	Increased MUC2 secretion	Mattar et al., 2002
Listeria monocytogenes		Listeriolysin O (LLO)	HT29-MTX cells	Increased transcription of MUC3, MUC4 and MUC12 Increased secretion of MUC5A	Coconnier et al., 1998; Lievin-Le Moal et al., 2002, 2005
Salmonella St Paul			Distal colonic biopsies	Increased expression of MUC1	Linden et al., 2008
Shigella flexneri		SST3	Mucin-producing polarized human intestinal epithelial cells	Alteration of glycosylation/ Increased permeability	Sperandio et al., 2013
		Secreted protein Pic	Hog gastric, bovine sub-maxillary, crude mouse large-intestine mucin	Mucinase activity / Degradation	Henderson et al., 1999; Harrington et al., 2009
			Goblet cells	Secretagogue activity / Hypersecretion	Navarro-Garcia et al., 2010
Vibrio cholerae		Toxin CT	Goblet cells	Increased mucin secretion	Lencer et al., 1990; Epple et al., 1997
		Secreted TagA	LS174T goblet cell surface mucin	Cleaves mucin glycoproteins	Szabady et al., 2011
Yersinia enterocolitica		Virulence Plasmid	Rabbit small intestinal mucin	Degradation/Solubilisation	Mantle and Rombough, 1993