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. 2017 Aug 27;2017:9658030. doi: 10.1155/2017/9658030

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Inhibitory effect of common and tartary buckwheat sprout extracts on LPS-induced (a) IL-6, (b) IL-12, and (c) TNF-α cytokine production and LPS-induced (d) IL-6, (e) IL-12, and (f) TNF-α mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to sprout extracts together with LPS (1 μg/mL). Level of cytokine expression in the culture media was measured using ELISA. mRNA levels were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Data represent the means ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. ##p < 0.01 and ###p < 0.001 in comparison with untreated controls; significant difference was determined using unpaired Student's t-test. ††† indicates p < 0.001 in comparison to cells treated with LPS alone (unpaired Student's t-test). ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 in comparison with cells treated with LPS alone by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test for multiple comparison.