Fig. 4.

a) Levels of eight plasma cytokines in MCI subjects that remained stable (MCI→MCI) over the subsequent 2–4 year period, with each cytokine graphed as a percent difference in reference to values from MCI subjects who progressed to DEM (MCI→DEM) during the same time period. Note that three cytokines (GCSF, IL-10, and IL-6) are selectively elevated in stable MCI subjects. b–d) Levels of the same eight plasma cytokines, but in AD transgenic mice that had been given acute treatment three hours earlier with caffeinated coffee (b), caffeine (c), or decaffeinated coffee (d). Cytokine levels for all three treatments are graphed as a percent difference in reference to values from AD mice treated with saline control. The original data (i.e., actual plasma cytokine levels) are presented in Cao et al. [18]. Note that only caffeinated coffee treatment (b) resulted in a plasma cytokine profile in AD mice that was similar to that of stable MCI subjects (a), both having elevated GCSF, IL-10, and IL-6 levels.