Table 3. Multivariate-adjusted model to analyze the effect of the BMI group on bone parameters.
| Variables | Total body less head | Lumbar spine (L1–L4) | Femur neck | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| zBMC | zBMD | zBMC | zBMD | zBMAD | zBMC | zBMD | zBMAD | |
| Male (n = 508) | ||||||||
| Age, yr | −0.05 ± 0.03 | −0.06 ± 0.03* | −0.06 ± 0.03* | −0.05 ± 0.03* | −0.03 ± 0.02 | −0.05 ± 0.03 | −0.04 ± 0.03 | −0.01 ± 0.02 |
| Vitamin D deficiency | 0.09 ± 0.12 | −0.11 ± 0.12 | 0.04 ± 0.14 | 0.00 ± 0.12 | −0.02 ± 0.11 | 0.01 ± 0.12 | −0.08 ± 0.10 | −0.15 ± 0.13 |
| Insufficient calcium intake | −0.30 ± 0.21 | −0.37 ± 0.20 | −0.44 ± 0.21* | −0.44 ± 0.21* | −0.38 ± 0.19* | −0.26 ± 0.21 | −0.24 ± 0.21 | −0.15 ± 0.22 |
| Physically inactive | −0.13 ± 0.11 | −0.10 ± 0.12 | −0.06 ± 0.14 | −0.03 ± 0.14 | −0.00 ± 0.14 | −0.17 ± 0.12 | −0.28 ± 0.16 | −0.31 ± 0.19 |
| HOMA-IR | −0.02 ± 0.13 | −0.13 ± 0.14 | −0.29 ± 0.16 | −0.22 ± 0.15 | −0.13 ± 0.15 | −0.14 ± 0.14 | −0.13 ± 0.13 | −0.09 ± 0.14 |
| BMI group§ | 1.13 ± 0.11‡ | 0.80 ± 0.10‡ | 0.73 ± 0.12‡ | 0.75 ± 0.11‡ | 0.64 ± 0.10‡ | 0.88 ± 0.10‡ | 0.83 ± 0.10‡ | 0.59 ± 0.11‡ |
| Female (n = 474) | ||||||||
| Age, yr | 0.00 ± 0.02 | −0.03 ± 0.02 | −0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.02 | −0.02 ± 0.02 | −0.02 ± 0.03 |
| Vitamin D deficiency | −0.32 ± 0.13* | −0.34 ± 0.16* | −0.48 ± 0.14† | −0.45 ± 0.14† | −0.38 ± 0.16* | −0.30 ± 0.14* | −0.43 ± 0.14† | −0.44 ± 0.13† |
| Insufficient calcium intake | −0.44 ± 0.17† | 0.04 ± 0.20 | −0.18 ± 0.14 | −0.22 ± 0.13 | −0.17 ± 0.14 | −0.31 ± 0.15* | −0.27 ± 0.15 | −0.16 ± 0.17 |
| Physically inactive | −0.27 ± 0.18 | −0.23 ± 0.17 | −0.10 ± 0.20 | −0.08 ± 0.20 | −0.07 ± 0.18 | −0.12 ± 0.26 | −0.16 ± 0.27 | −0.16 ± 0.27 |
| HOMA-IR | −0.05 ± 0.15 | −0.10 ± 0.14 | −0.07 ± 0.18 | −0.08 ± 0.15 | −0.04 ± 0.14 | −0.15 ± 0.16 | −0.21 ± 0.12 | −0.22 ± 0.12 |
| BMI group§ | 1.00 ± 0.09‡ | 0.63 ± 0.12‡ | 0.67 ± 0.09‡ | 0.80 ± 0.08‡ | 0.76 ± 0.09‡ | 0.81 ± 0.09‡ | 0.77 ± 0.10‡ | 0.54 ± 0.10‡ |
Data are presented as regression coefficient (β) ± standard error.
BMC = bone mineral content, BMD = bone mineral density, BMAD = bone mineral apparent density, HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, BMI = body mass index, z = Z-scores.
*P < 0.05. † P < 0.01. ‡ P < 0.001. §BMI group was defined as underweight, normal-weight and overweight/obesity. Underweight group was used as a reference group.