Table 1.
Definition of skeletal, dental, and soft tissue landmarks used in manual cephalometric analysis.
| S. No. | Landmark | Abbreviation | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Skeletal | |||
| 1. | Nasion | N | Most anterior point of frontonasal suture in the median plane. |
| 2. | Sella | S | Midpoint of the hypophyseal fossa. |
| 3. | Point A | A | Deepest midline point in the curved bony outline from the base to the alveolar process of maxilla. |
| 4. | Anterior nasal spine | ANS | Tip of the bony anterior nasal spine in the median plane. |
| 5. | Posterior nasal spine | PNS | Intersection of the continuation of the anterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa and the floor of the nose. |
| 6. | Basion | Ba | Lowest point on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum in the median plane. |
| 7. | Condylion | Co | Superior most point on the head of the condyle. |
| 8. | Articulare | Ar | Point of intersection of the posterior margin of ascending ramus and the outer margin of the cranial base. |
| 9. | Point B | B | The deepest point of concavity between chin and superior aspect of mandibular alveolar process. |
| 10. | Pogonion | Pog | Most anterior point of the chin. |
| 11. | Gnathion | Gn | Most anteroinferior point of the chin. |
| 12. | Menton | Me | Most inferior point of the chin. |
| 13. | Gonion | Go | Most posterior and inferior point on outline of mandibular angle. |
| 14. | Orbitale | Or | Lowermost point of the orbit. |
| 15. | Porion | Po | Uppermost point of the external auditory meatus. |
| 16. | Pterygoid vertical | PTV | Line that passes through the pterygomaxillary fissure and is perpendicular to the Frankfurt Plane. |
| Dental | |||
| 17. | Upper central incisor | UI | The most labial point on the crown of the maxillary central incisor. |
| 18. | Lower central incisor | LI | The most labial point on the crown of the mandibular central incisor. |
| 19. | Upper first molar | U6 | The mesiobuccal cusp tip of the maxillary first permanent molar. |
| 20. | Lower first molar | L6 | The mesiobuccal cusp tip of the mandibular first permanent molar. |
| Soft tissue | |||
| 21. | Soft tissue pogonion | Pog’ | The most anterior point on the chin in the mid saggital plane. |
| 22. | Lower lip anterior/labrale inferius | LL/Li | Most anterior point of lower lip. |
| 23. | Nasal tip/pronasal | NT/Pn | The most anterior point of the nose. |
| 24. | Subnasal | Sn | The point at which the columella (nasal septum) merges with the upper lip in the mid saggital plane. |