Table 2.
Bacillus-induced physiological and biochemical changes in crop plants during drought, salinity and heavy metal accumulation in soil and pest, pathogenic bacterial and fungal infection.
| Stress factors | Plant functions | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stressed plants | Stressed plants with Bacillus | ||
| DROUGHT | |||
| Reduce plant growth Decrease the water, nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe) and pigments Up or down regulate the antioxidants (CAT, SOD, POD, APX, and GR), hormones (SA, JA, and ABA) and drought responsible genes |
Enhance plant growth Increase the water, nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe), pigments and hormones (SA, JA, and ABA). Up or down regulate the antioxidants (CAT, SOD, POD, APX, and GR) and drought responsible genes |
Marulanda et al., 2009; Jumali et al., 2011; Barnawal et al., 2013; Castillo et al., 2013; Kasim et al., 2013; Armada et al., 2014, 2015; Timmusk et al., 2015; Kakar et al., 2016 | |
| SOIL SALINITY | |||
| Reduce plant growth Decrease the water, nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Cu, and Fe), antioxidants (CAT and POD), pigments and hormones (IAA and GA). Increase the Na, Cl, ABA, and caspase activity; Up or down regulate the salt stress responsible genes |
Enhance plant growth Increase the water, nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Cu, and Fe), antioxidants (CAT and POD), pigments and hormones (IAA and GA). Decrease the Na, Cl, ABA and caspase activity; Up or down regulate the salt stress responsible genes |
Ashraf et al., 2004; Jha and Subramanian, 2012; Mohamed and Gomaa, 2012; Karlidag, 2013; Nautiyal et al., 2013; Qurashi and Sabri, 2013; Kang et al., 2014b | |
| HEAVY METALS | |||
| Reduce plant growth Decrease the water, nutrients (P, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd Cr, and Pb) and pigments Up or down regulate the antioxidants (SOD, POD, APX, and DHAR) |
Enhance plant growth Increase the water, nutrients (P, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd Cr, and Pb) and pigments Up or down regulate the antioxidants (SOD, POD, APX, and DHAR) |
Wani and Khan, 2010; Malekzadeh et al., 2012; Gururani et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2013; Jamil et al., 2014 | |
| PEST | |||
| Increase the larval population Reduce or stimulate the JA, ISR, and allelochemicals |
Decrease the larval population Enhance the JA, ISR, and allelochemicals |
Ben-Khedher et al., 2015a; Arrizubieta et al., 2016; Boukedi et al., 2016; Gadhave and Gange, 2016; Zebelo et al., 2016 | |
| PATHOGENIC BACTERIA | |||
| Increase the pathogenic bacterial population Decrease the defense enzymes (PAL, POD, PPO, SOD, CAT, and LOX), SA, pathogen resistant genes and proteins |
Decrease the pathogenic bacterial population Increase the defense enzymes (PAL, POD, PPO, SOD, CAT, and LOX), SA, pathogen resistant genes and proteins |
Chithrashree et al., 2011; Almoneafy et al., 2013; Kurabachew and Wydra, 2014; Jiang et al., 2015; Fousia et al., 2016; Hinarejos et al., 2016 | |
| PATHOGENIC FUNGI | |||
| Increase the pathogenic fungal population Up or down regulate the antioxidants (APX, GPX, POD, CAT, GR, PPO, and SOD), defense enzymes (PAL, chi, and glu), hormones (JA, ABA, IAA, GA, and SA) |
Decrease the pathogenic fungal population Up or down regulate the antioxidants (APX, GPX, POD, CAT, GR, PPO, and SOD), defense enzymes (PAL, chi, and glu), hormones (JA, ABA, IAA, GA, and SA) |
Liu et al., 2010; Chowdappa et al., 2013; Jain et al., 2013; Kang et al., 2015b; Kim et al., 2015; Narendra-Babu et al., 2015; Rahman et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2015 | |