Table 2. Design, recruitment and data collection methods of the 11 studies included in the systematic review.
| Study | Location | Sample size | Population | Inclusion/exclusion criteria | Time of recruitment | Outcome of interest | Assessments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christensen et al, 2011 (29) | Washington DC, US (urban) | 215 | Pregnant women undergoing preventive intervention for perinatal depression; Mean age 25.4 | Inclusion criteria: 18 to 35 years; Hispanic; less than 25 weeks pregnant; CES-D-20 score <5 but not currently depressed. Exclusion criteria: report smoking, drinking alcohol or using illicit drugs, or meet criteria for other major mental disorder or significant psychosocial problems | Antenatal (average 18 weeks gestation) | BDI-II: cut-off of 16 suggesting depressive symptomatology | 5 assessments : First assessment: 18 weeks gestation; Last assessment: 12 months postpartum |
| Glasheen et al, 2013 (21) | Michigan, US (urban) | 577 | General perinatal population; Mean age 22.9 | Inclusion criteria: at least 3 of 5 assessments; mother-child pair available at 16 year follow-up No other exclusion criteria | Antenatal, first trimester | CES-D-20 (no cut-off indicated) | 5 assessments First assessment: first trimester of pregnancy; Last assessment: 18 months postpartum |
| Kuo et al, 2012 (26) | Central Taiwan | 121 | General perinatal population; Mean age 33.4 | Inclusion criteria: 20 years or older; singleton pregnancy Exclusion criteria: perinatal complications, chronic medical history | Antenatal, third trimester | EPDS: cut-off of 10 suggesting high level of symptoms | 4 assessments First assessment: third trimester; Last assessment: 7 days postpartum |
| Kuo et al, 2014 (25) | Central Taiwan | 139 | General perinatal population ; Mean age 31.2 | Inclusion criteria: 20 years or older; considered for caesarean section, Exclusion criteria: other perinatal complications; chronic medical illness | Antenatal, third trimester (average 37 weeks gestation) | EPDS: cut-off of 13 suggesting probable case of depression | 5 assessments First assessment: third trimester; Last assessment: 6 months postpartum |
| Lee et al, 2014 (30) | North Carolina, US | 844 (from two RCTs, AMP and KAN-DO) | Overweight or obese perinatal population Mean age 31.7 | Inclusion criteria: BMI>25 before pregnancy; 18 years or older; English-speaking AMP: able to walk a mile KAN-DO: maximum 6 months postpartum at recruitment; pre-schooler in the home; no medical complications | Postnatal; AMP: 2 months postpartum KAN-DO: 6 months postpartum | EPDS: cut-off of 13 suggesting postpartum depression | 3 assessments per RCT (one assessment in common), 5 altogether First assessment: 1-7 months postpartum; Last assessment: 24 months Postpartum |
| Marcus et al, 2011 (22) | Michigan, US | 154 | General perinatal population; 48% between 20-30 years 50% between 31-40 years | Inclusion criteria: 21 years or older, EPDS score >10 but not currently depressed; fluent in English Exclusion criteria: adoption plan; chronic medical condition or use of medication that impact LHPA; treated with psychotropic medication; substance abuse; eating disorder; bipolar illness | Antenatal, between 8 and 28 weeks gestation | BDI: cut-off of 20 criteria for further assessment with SCID (no cut-off indicated for severity) | 3 assessments First assessment: 28 weeks; Last assessment: 37 weeks |
| Mora et al, 2009 (24) | Philadelphia, US (urban) | 1735 | General perinatal population; Mean age 23.9 | Inclusion criteria: English- or Spanish-speaking; singleton intrauterine pregnancy; at least one postpartum interview; live birth No other exclusion criteria | Antenatal, first antenatal care visit (average 15 weeks gestation) | CES-D-20: cut-off of 16 indicating significant levels of symptoms | 4 assessments First assessment: at first antenatal visit (approximately 15 weeks gestation); Last assessment: 25 months postpartum |
| Parade et al, 2014 (23) | North-East US (state not specified) | 98 | General perinatal population; Mean age 29.0 | Inclusion criteria: primiparous, 20 years or older No other exclusion criteria | Antenatal, 8 weeks before expected date of delivery (EDD) | CES-D-20 (15 items - excluding 5 items relating to somatic symptoms) Not cut-off indicated | 4 assessments First assessment: 8 weeks prior to EDD; Last assessment: 24 weeks postpartum |
| Ramos-Marcuse et al, 2010 (31) | Baltimore, Maryland, US (urban) | 181 | Low-income general perinatal population; Mean age 16.3 | Inclusion criteria: 17 years or younger, first time delivery, African American, low-income (eligible for WIC, family income under 185% of poverty level); living with their mother Exclusion criteria: chronic physical illnesses | Postnatal, shortly after delivery | BDI: cut-off of 9 suggesting risk for depression | 3 assessments First assessment: within 3 weeks of delivery; Last assessment: 24 months postpartum |
| Sutter-Dallay et al, 2012 (27) | Bordeaux, France (urban) | 579 | General perinatal population; Mean age 29.4 | Inclusion criteria: French-speaking, living in catchment area of hospital, less than one week of hospitalisation for pregnancy complications Exclusion criteria: planned or unplanned CS delivery; personal history of chronic severe mental illness; multiple pregnancy or in vitro fertilisation for current pregnancy; premature birth | Antenatal, third trimester | CES-D-20: cut-off of 16 indicating clinically significant level of depressive symptoms | 8 assessments First assessment: 8 months gestation; Last assessment: 24 months postpartum |
| Vänskä et al, 2011 (28) | Finland (city not specified) | 805 | Pregnant women who have undergone successful infertility treatment; Mean age 33.1 | Inclusion criteria: Finnish-speaking Intervention group: successful singleton pregnancy after infertility treatment Control group: no infertility history No other exclusion criteria | Antenatal, 18-20 weeks gestation | GHQ-36: cutoff of 9 clinical criterion for psychiatric disorder; BDI-13: cut-off of 5 suggesting mild depression (after recoding items) | 3 assessments First assessment: 18-20 weeks gestation; Last assessment: 12 months postpartum |
AMP: Active Mothers Postpartum; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BMI: Body mass index; CES-D-20: Centre for Epidemiological Studies – Depression scale; EDD: expected date of delivery; EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GHQ-36: General Health Questionnaire – 36 items; KAN-DO: Kids and Adults Now! – Defeat Obesity; LHPA: limbic hypothalamic pituitary axis; WIC: Women, Infants and Children (financial assistance for pregnant, postpartum and breastfeeding women); US: United States of America.